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BSMLS2A FINALS > MLSBIO101 GENETIC IMPRINTING > Flashcards

MLSBIO101 GENETIC IMPRINTING Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call the modifications to DNA that retain sequence fidelity yet alter gene expression? It is also known as “On genes”

A

Epigenetics

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2
Q

What is the other term for epigenetics?

A

On Genes

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3
Q

What is the gamete-specific differential modification?

A

Imprinting

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4
Q

What is unique to placental mammal, marsupial, and flowering plants?

A

Imprinting

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5
Q

What is typically marked with DNA methylation?

A

Imprinting

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6
Q

Imprinting is typically marked with what?

A

DNA Methylation

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7
Q

What often occurs in clusters?

A

Imprinting

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8
Q

In imprinting, what happens to the genes?

A

Silenced

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9
Q

What is the set of epigenetic modifications inherited in descendant cells?

A

Epigenetic Memory

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10
Q

What are the two broad categories of inheritance?

A
  1. Mendelian
  2. Non-mendelian
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11
Q

What law states that each parent contributes a single gamete containing single alleles from either maternal or parental chromosomes?

A

Law of Segregation

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12
Q

T/F. Each chromosome in an egg cell has a maternal imprint.

A

True

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13
Q

T/F. Imprinting is established in gametes

A

True

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14
Q

T/F. Each chromosome in a sperm cell has a paternal imprint.

A

True

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15
Q

T/F. Imprinting is maintained during embryogenesis.

A

True

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16
Q

On what occurrence is imprinting maintained?

A

Embryogenesis

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17
Q

What is the wide epigenetic reprogramming?

A

Genome

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18
Q

T/F. Imprinting is maintained in adult somatic tissues

A

True

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19
Q

In adults, where is imprinting maintained?

A

Somatic Tissues

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20
Q

T/F. Imprinting erased and modified based on sex.

A

True

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21
Q

On what characteristic is imprinting erased and modified?

A

Sex

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22
Q

What is crucial for normal development?

A

Imprinted Genes

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23
Q

What bypasses the epigenetic reprogramming?

A

Imprinted Genes

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24
Q

What is vulnerable to epigenetic copying machinery?

A

Imprinted Gene

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25
Q

What are the roles of Imprinted genes?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Behavior
  3. Stem Cells
  4. Disease
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26
Q

What is involved in placental development, enhance growth, and large offspring?

A

Paternal Expression

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27
Q

What is involved in suppressing growth, limits expression of paternal genes, and small offspring?

A

Maternal Expression

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28
Q

A large offspring benefits what?

A

Father

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29
Q

A small offspring benefits what?

A

Mother

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30
Q

What are the three things needed in DNA Methylation?

A
  1. CpG (Cytosine-phosphate-guanine)
  2. DNMT (DNA Methyltransferase)
  3. 5’methyl-cytosine
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31
Q

What can easily be deaminated to form thymine?

A

5’Methyl-cytosine

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32
Q

What happens when methylating the cytosine of a CpG motif?

A

Silences Genes

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33
Q

What happens when Cytosine + DNMT?

A

5’Methyl-cytosine

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34
Q

In DNA Methylation, what do you call the regions with high concentrations of CpG motifs?

A

CpG Islands

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35
Q

T/F. CpG Islands are located in the promoter regions.

A

True

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36
Q

How much percentage of human promoter regions contain CpG islands?

A

70%

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37
Q

What is ICR?

A

Imprinting Control Regions

38
Q

What is DMR?

A

Differentially Methylated Regions

39
Q

T/F. ICR and DMR are cis-acting.

40
Q

T/F. ICR and DMR control gene clusters ~3.0 Mb away.

41
Q

T/F. The deletion of ICR leads to loss of imprinting.

42
Q

T/F. When the promoter is unmethylated, the gene can be transcribed.

43
Q

T/F. When the promoter is methylated, the gene is silenced.

44
Q

In DNA Methylation, What facilitates imprinting in gametes?

45
Q

In DNA Methylation, What maintains methylation states post-embryogenesis?

46
Q

T/F. 98% of genome 1 CpG/100 base pairs are methylated.

47
Q

T/F. <2% of genome 1 CpG/10 base pairs are unmethylated

48
Q

On rare occasions, how does genetic imprinting modify histones?

A

Acetylation/Methylation

49
Q

In histone modification, what generally leads to increased expression?

A

Acetylation

50
Q

In Histone Modification, What generally leads to decreased expression?

A

Methylation

51
Q

Acetylation generally leads to ____ expression

52
Q

Methylation generally leads to ___ expression

53
Q

Regions of ____ are contained in imprinted genes.

54
Q

What proteins are coding genes in cis?

A

Repress Flanking Proteins

55
Q

What is the zinc finger protein?

56
Q

What protein binds imprinting control element?

57
Q

What protein prevents methylation of ICE and H19?

58
Q

What is Ins2?

59
Q

What is the negative regulator of growth and proliferation?

60
Q

T/F. In “Random” X-chromosome inactivation, it is cell to cell basis and is actually regulated by several cis-elements.

61
Q

What is Xist?

A

X-inactive Specific Transcript

62
Q

What encodes Inc-RNA?

63
Q

What is Tsix?

A

Antisense to Xist

64
Q

What is the negative regulator of Xist?

65
Q

The Xist IncRNA can act as a?

A

Cis-coating Chromosome

66
Q

What can silence a coated chromosome?

A

Histone Modification

67
Q

T/F. DNA Methylation steps are identical to imprinting

68
Q

Methylation is maintained in the ___ and lost in ___

A

Maintained in Placenta and Lost in Embryonic Tissue

69
Q

What undergoes rapid de-methylation?

A

Paternal Genome

70
Q

What undergo slow de-methylation?

A

Maternal Genome

71
Q

What escapes methylome reprogramming?

A

Imprinted Genes

72
Q

What is the name of the disease that exhibits this symptoms:

  • Occurs in 1 to 20,000 births
  • Severe mental retardation
  • Lack of speech
  • Ataxic gait
  • Unnaturally happy disposition (Random bouts of laughter)
  • Hand flapping
A

Angelman Syndrome (AS)

73
Q

What is the name of the disease that exhibits these symptoms:

  • Occurs in 1 to 25,000 births
  • Mild mental retardation
  • Chronic Hunger (Leads to Obesity)
  • Stunted Height
A

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)

74
Q

What disease is the most common syndromal cause of human obesity>

A

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)

75
Q

What chromosome is affected in AS and PWS?

A

Chromosome 15

76
Q

In AS and PWS, chromosome 15 loses imprinting in ___

77
Q

Is AS maternal or paternal?

78
Q

Is PWS maternal or paternal?

79
Q

What is the name of the disease that exhibits these symptoms:

  • Microcephaly (Small head)
  • Macroglossia (Enlarged tongue)
  • Visceromegaly (Enlarged organs)
  • Macrosomia (Large body size)
  • Umbilical Hernia
A

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

80
Q

In Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, the chromosome has loss of imprinting on region?

81
Q

What is the other name for embryonic kidney cancer?

A

Wilm’s Tumor

82
Q

What is the name of the disease that exhibits these symptoms:

  • Loss of imprinting control on H19
  • Hypermethylation of imprinting control region
  • Overexpression of IGF2
A

Wilm’s Tumor

83
Q

What disease exhibits these symptoms:
- Loss of imprinting on H19
- Hypomethylation of imprinting control region
- Overexpression of IGF2

A

Bladder Cancer

84
Q

In detection of imprinted genes, what do you call when cytosine is converted to uracil and this methylated cytosine is unaffected?

A

Bisulfite sequencing

85
Q

T/F. Sequencing after treatment should reveal no bands in lane C.

86
Q

What does the bands in lance C represent?

A

Methylated Cytosines

87
Q

What is the Dutch period of starvation during WWII?

A

Hongerwinter 1944

88
Q

T/F. In Hongerwinter 1944, children that were born were short, and diagnosed with anemia, edema, diabetes, and depression.

89
Q

T/F. In Hongerwinter 1944, the women who were born of this era were shown to have children that mimicked the same symptoms as their mothers.

90
Q

In Hongerwinter 1944, Hypomethylation of ___ six decades later.

BSMLS2A FINALS (6 decks)

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