Mixed Air Testing Review Flashcards
Drift
To slowly and gradually move
Continental shelf
Areas of continents that are under shallow water
Fossil
The natural reserves remains, imprints or traces of organisms that lived long ago
Mantle
The middle layer of earth situated between the crust above and the care below
Separate
To stop being together
Skeptical
To be doubtful about something
Who was Alfred Wegner?
The man who came up with Pangea hypothesis. He didn’t get his theory because the couldn’t explain how the continents moves
What is continental drift?
When the continents drifted apart
What is Pangea?
All the continents were together in a giant super continent 250 million years ago
What is the evidence for Pangea?
Jigsaw puzzle piece continents
Volcanic rocks same in age and chemistry
Mountain chains made when you line up the mountains
Glossopterous (it was too heavy to travel across the sea)
Glacier scratches in tropical places
Fossil Locations
Coal that formed in Antarctica
What is Glossopterous?
The plant that couldn’t travel across the ocean
Marie Tharp- Who was she? What did she do?
Born in 1920, she was the first female to use an echo sounder and make a profile of the sea floor
What are Mid ocean ridges? Where are they found? Where are the youngest and oldest rocks found on the sea floor?
Mid ocean ridges are mountain rides deep below the oceans surfaces. They are found on the seafloor near the middle. The oldest rocks are found near the trenches and the youngest ones are near the mountains.
How does the age of oceanic crust and ocean-floor features relate to seafloor spreading? Where is new oceanic crust constantly being formed?
The earth pushes magma upwards and moves the old crust out of the way until it rotates itself around and makes more magma.
What is the driving forces behind tectonic plates? what do convection currents have to do with it? Where are construction currents being formed?
Magma in the mantle moves the plates. The magma is convection currents that when it rises and cools it drags the plates with it.
Describe the way that the sea floor sinks at ocean trenches?
Trenches are the place where the crust gets recycled so the old crust falls in and gets recycled making the trenches.
Explain the theory of plate tectonics.
Earths surface is made of ridged slabs of rock, or plates, that move with respect to each other.
How does an echo sounder word?
- Sends out sound waves
-records how long it takes to bounce back
(The longer the time the deeps the space)
What is magma?
Molten rock below earths surface.
What are Mid ocean ridges?
Mountain ranges deep below the oceans surface.
What land form is made when plates COLLIDE?
Mountains
What type of stress makes FOLD mountains?
Compression
Where do most earthquakes occur?
Faults and plate boundaries
Whats a hot spot?
A volcano that forms over a rising column of magma called a mantle plume.
What is the force involved and what happens to the crust where FAULT BLOCK mountains form?
Tension stress
What is a Fault?
A crack in earths crust
How do the plates move at each boundary?
Convergent- Collides
Divergent-Divides
Transform- slides
What type of plate boundary formed the Himalayan mountain range in India?
Convergent
What happens at a subduction zone?
The DENSE plate SLIDES under the LESS DENSE plate and makes mountains.
What is the definition of a volcano?
A vent in earths crust
What are the layers of earths crust from the inside out in order?
Inner core
Outer core
Lower mantle
Upper mantle
Inner core:
Mostly iron and nickle
Solid
Hottest and most pressure
Outer core:
Mostly iron and nickel
Liquid
Movement of solid inner core inside causes earths magnetic field
Lower Mantle:
Solid material
Below the upper mantle
Upper Mantle:
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
Layer of solid hot rock
Divided into layers
Lithosphere
Upper most part of the mantle and crust forms a ridge layer up to 100 km thick.
Asthenosphere
Softer part of mantle under lithosphere.
What are the two types of crust?
Oceanic and continental
Which of the two types of crust is thicker?
Continental
Which of the two types of crust is denser?
Oceanic crust
How do earthquakes let us know about earths crust?
Earthquake waves can speed up and slow down based on what it’s traveling through.
What two layers make up the upper mantle?
Asthenosphere and lithosphere
Which is grouped with crust asthenosphere or lithosphere?
Asthenosphere
Which one is soft like plastic asthenosphere or lithosphere?
Lithosphere
What is the core mostly made of?
Iron and Nickle.
Which state of matter is the outer core?
Liquid
What state of matter is the inner core?
Solid
How do seismic waves travel?
Outwards in all directions?
What are the two types of seismic waves?
Primary (p) waves and Secondary (s) waves.
Where do seismic waves travel?
Through earths interior.
What happens to the temperature, pressure and density as you go crust-core
It all increases.
What are the characteristics of P-WAVES?
- Can pass through all states of matter
- Travel faster in more dense rock
- Slow and bend as they travel through the outer core
What are the characteristics of S-WAVES?
- Only travel through solids
Absolute age dating
Gives an actual number.
Relative age dating
A comparison using older than/ younger than.
How old is earth?
4.6 billion years old.
Superposition
The principle that states; in undisturbed rock layers the oldest are on the bottom.
Original horizontality
The principle that states; most forming materials are deposited in horizontal layers.
Lateral continuity
The principle that states; sediments are deposited in large continuous sheets in all lateral directions.
Inclusions
The principle that states; if one rock contains pieces of another rock, the rock containing the pieces is YOUNGER than the pieces.
Cross-cutting relationships
The principle that states; in one geologic feature cuts another feature, the feature that it cuts across is OLDER.
What are fossils?
The remains or impression of a prehistoric organism.
What are microfossils?
Fossils to small to see with out a microscope.
What is mass extinction?
When many species die/ go extinct over a short time period?
What are Index fossils?
Fossils that can help determine the age of other fossils and rock found in the same sedimentary layer.
What do sedimentary rock layers contain lots of?
A fossil from the Jurassic period.
What is special about Index fossils?
they are distinctive and easy to recognize?
Where are index fossils located?
Globally
Index fossils are ______.
Abundant
What are index fossils limited to? Why?
A short geological period and the species became extinct quickly.
What are index fossils from?
Hard boded organisms that hold up well over long periods of time.
Where did most index fossils live?
In the ocean.
True or false; index fossils develop into the rock…
False, sediments from the water cover the fossils.
What is the geologic time scale?
Earths history based on fossils and rock evidence we have found.
What are the 4 major units of time from longest to shortest?
Eon, Era, Period, Epoch
How are the 4 major units of time separated?
Fossils
What are the three unconformitys?
- Angular
- Horizontal
- Nonconformity
