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Mix of WW1 and medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

catgut as a ligature

A

-catgut soaked in carbolic acid
-used to prevent infection in a wound

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2
Q

chloroform inhaler

A

-john snow
-calculated correct dosage
-1847

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3
Q

what were hospitals like b4 Florence Nightingale?

A
  • early 1800s, most people were cared by family at home, a doctor would visit to prescribe medicine. Nurses were untrained and didn’t keep records on patient care
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4
Q

why didn’t medicine progress before 1848?

A

-medical knowledge based on spiritual/ religious beliefs
-the technology used to make discoveries took a long time to develop
-scientists weren’t clear about the anatomy and how the human body worked
-nobody took responsibility for encouraging and funding research, the government didnt see it as its business

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5
Q

opposition to listers method

A

-carbolic acid made surgical instruments slippery
-irritated surgeons hands
-doctors applied listers methods wrong
-equipment was expensive to buy and set up
-lister was arrogant and disliked by many of the surgical community

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6
Q

medical theories before 1848

A

-diseases caused by supernatural forces
-four humors, by Hippocrates in Ancient Greece, caused by imbalance of four liquids (yellow bile, blood, phlegm and black bile)
-theory of opposites, treating diseases by providing conditions and food opposite to the illness
-spontaneous generation, microorganisms created decay then creating miasma

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7
Q

impact of blood transfusions

A

-used in surgery for blood loss
-help patients that suffer from blood disorders, leukemia and anaemia
-help patients that suffer from liver problems

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8
Q

3 key discoveries of blood that helped in transfusions

A

-1901, Karl Landsteiner discovered A,B and O blood groups
-1902, he discovered AB blood groups
-1907, discovered that blood type O could be used for everyone

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9
Q

blood being stored

A

the first world war lead to doctors/ scientists to develop new ways to store blood:
adding sodium citrate wouldn’t clot
then adding a citrate glucose solution so it could be stored for several days

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10
Q

when did queen Victoria use chloroform

A

during childbirth of her 8th child, Prince Leopald 7th april 1853

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11
Q

why was chloroform so dangerous?

A

-lead to the black death
-surgeons performed more complex surgeries leading to infection deeper into the body

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12
Q

ways the NHS have been successful

A
  • improved healthcare facilities
    -fall in child mortality rate
  • national vaccination scheme
    -provides free healthcare
    -raised life expectancy
    both gender 8 years
    -lowers treatment costs, promoting preventive health care
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13
Q

john snows main impacts

A

-1885, presented his results of his investigation to parliament, suggested new sewers should be built, government agreed

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14
Q

how did the government respond to the Beveridge report?

A
  • NHS creation
  • family allowance (paid to mother)
  • clean air acts (1952 and 1956)
  • slum clearance program (1960)
  • new towns, built with more space and better public facilities
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15
Q

why was the NHS set up?

A

-Beveridge report (1942)
- WWI forced government to take control of public health
- advances in medicine, more ways to help the sick

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16
Q

how did the liberal reforms help the elderly / unemployed

A

elderly:
-1908, ‘old age’ pensions of five shillings per week for 70+ year old
unemployed:
-1909, labour exchanges, help them look for work
-1911, national insurance act provided them with unemployment payments

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17
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

-hunagrian doctor
-worked at Veinna hospital
-suggested doctors should wash their hands in chlorine of lime, since they delivered babies after dissecting dead bodies

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18
Q

why did some people refuse to use chloroform?

A

-some army soldiers believed that soldiers should endure pain
-some religious people believed that it was gods intention that women should feel pain during childbirth, suffering was gods will
- difficult to get correct dosage–> 14 year old Hannah Greener died whilst removing an ingrown toenail in 1848 due to an overdose

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19
Q

3 anaesthetics in the 19th century

A

-nitrous oxide: laughing gas, too weak for major surgery, discovered by Humphrey Davy, first used in 1844
-Ether: Effective, caused vomiting, highly flammable, first used successfully in 1846 in an amputation by Robert Liston, known for his speed an strength, amputated a leg in 28 seconds
-Chloroform: first experimented on friends and himself in 1847, used on woman in child birth

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20
Q

4 key elements used in aseptic surgery

A

-surgeons scrubbed clean before operating
-surgeons wore new clothes and a fresh pair of gloves for each operation
- all instruments were steralised before hand, using steam
- the size of operating theatres got smaller, and spectators weren’t allowed
-establaished in 1900

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21
Q

joseph lister

A
  • pioneered antiseptic techniques in surgery, discovered carbolic spray (1865)
    -death rate went from 46% to 15%
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22
Q

john sow

A
  • scottish doctor in the 1800s who experimented with different types of anaesthetics during childbirth
  • he discovered chloroform was effective and had limited side effects when used the correct dosage
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23
Q

national insurance act

A
  • provided sick pay to ill workers and allowed free access to medical treatment
    -paid money to unemployed up to 15 weeks, prevented poverty
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24
Q

Florence Nightingale achievements

A
  • 1859, ‘notes on nursing’ bestseller
  • raised 44,000 pounds to set up training school at St. Thomas hospital
    -training school for midwives at King college in 1861
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25
Q

Why did the understanding of medicine not progress in the 19th century?

A
  • hospital relied on charity for funding, little money available for research
  • the government did not see it as its business
  • Doctors wanted to continue to work as they always had, were reluctant to try new method
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26
Q

cholera outbreaks

A

-1848 to 1859: 53,292 deaths
- 1853 to 1854: 20,097 deaths
- 1865 to 1866: 14, 378 deaths

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27
Q

Joseph Bazalgette

A

-civil engineer in the 1800s
-chief designer and engineer of Londons sewer system after the great stink.
- covered 83 miles, removing 420 million gallons of sewage per day, opened in 1865 continued to develop in the 1870s
- costed 3 million pounds

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28
Q

how did the 1854 cholera outbreak end

A

-snow asked to handle the broad street pump being removed, so people couldn’t use it.
-the outbreak ended quickly proving the disease was from the water in the pump
-it was found later that a cesspit had been leaking into the wall

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29
Q

Edwin Chadwick report

A
  • ill health was caused by PLC
  • if towns were cleaner there would be less disease, wouldn’t have to take time off work, fewer people needing workhouses, save ratepayers money
    -clean water and sewage disposal was needed for a healthy nation
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30
Q

how did the liberal reforms help children?

A

-free school meals act (1906)
- 1907, free medical inspectors were introduced in schools
-1908, the children act made it illegal to neglect children or sell them alcohol or tobacco

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31
Q

how did john snow discover the causes of cholera

A
  • traced the sources of the outbreak to a water pump on broad street in London, 1854
  • many victims lived near the water pump, Snow theorises that cholera couldn’t be caused by miasma but contaminated water
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32
Q

how did the parliament react to the great stink?

A
  • the smell was so bad that the politicians in the houses of parliament next to the river demanded to meet somewhere else
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33
Q

why was there opposition to John Snows discovery of the causes of cholera

A

germ theory wasn’t published yet

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34
Q

2 ways ton prevent cholera

A

-tried to prevent it by cleaning dirty streets, thought it was caused by cholera
-1848, suggested towns and cities should provide clean water supplies, however it wasn’t compulsory

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35
Q

Florence Nightingale contribution to medicine

A

-improved hygiene of Scutari, by cleaning surfaces, washing bedding, ensuring kitchens were clean
- death rate: 42% to 2%
-quality of food was improved, windows opened for air circulation

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36
Q

Who was William Beveridge?

A
  • government minister, formed a basis on the welfare state
  • 5 giant evils:
    want (poverty) , disease, ignorance (lack of education), squalor (unhygienic living), idleness (unemployment)
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37
Q

why did the liberal party introduce reforms?

A
  • studies by Rowntree and Booth (1901-1903) showed pverty people suffered from malnutrition and poor health
  • a third of recruits for the Boer war (1899-1902) were unfit due to poverty
  • many people couldn’t afford health care
  • industrial revolution created poor living conditions for the working class, increased disease
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38
Q

public health act of 1975

A
  • more significant than the PHA in 1848
    -signified change in laissez-faire attitude, compulsory
    1) must be provision of clean water and proper disposal of rubbish and sewage
    2) medical officers should be appointed in every area
    3) standards for new housing, lodging houses should be checked
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39
Q

nursing in WWI

A

-VADS–> for untrained nurse
-QAIMINS–> trained nurses
1914- 300 members
1918- over 10,000 members
-FANY–> first aid specialists, founded in 1907, allowed to drive ambulances from 1916

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40
Q

impact of Florence Nightingale on hospitals

A

-1868, St. Thomas hospital was rebuilt to Florence Nightingales recommendations

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41
Q

Frances Hoggan

A
  • qualified as a doctor at Zurich University after being refused at the Loyal Society of Apothecaries
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42
Q

When were woman able to become doctors?

A
  • 1891, 65 female doctors
    -1876, the british government passed a law that women shouldn’t be prevented to become doctors
  • Elizabeth Garret Anderson
  • Frances Hoggan
  • Sophia Jex Blake
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43
Q

Elizabeth Garret Anderson

A
  • first qualified female doctor (1876)
  • opened St. Marys dispensary in London, provided medical treatment for women
  • accepted by Society of Apothecaries (1865), only after her father threatened to sue
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44
Q

What did Florence Nightingale bring to nursing

A
  • raised status of nursing to a popular profession, by 1900 there were 68,000 nurses in Britain
  • Introduced strict ideas for nursing, certain bedtimes, write a progress report every week
  • gives nurses formal training
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45
Q

significance of Florence Nightingale

A
  • founded if modern nursing, turned nursing into respectable profession, introduced patient care and cleanliness into hospitals
  • considered an expert on nursing and hospital (1856)
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46
Q

4 principles of germ theory

A
  • the air contains microorganisms
  • microbes in the air caused decay
  • microbes are not evenly distributed in the air
  • microbes can be killed by killing them, pasteurisation
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47
Q

chicken cholera vaccine

A
  • discovered in 1879
  • a mistake by Pastuers assistant lead to the realisation that the germ was weakened when exposed to air
  • injecting the weakened germ into chickens stopped them from catching the disease
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48
Q

how did Pasteur help the development of vaccine

A

-in 1881, Pasteurs team produced a weakened strain of anthrax vaccine that would prevent disease in sheep
- in 1885, Pasteur successfully cured a boy from rabies using a vaccine

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49
Q

what lead to a scientific breakthrough?

A

rivalry between Pasteur and Koch

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50
Q

Robert koch

A

-german doctor
- known as father of bacteriology

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51
Q

what caused rivalry between Pasteur and Koch

A

-researching during the Franco- Prussian war, defeating disease could have a big impact on the battle field
- government of france and germany funded them
- communication increased rivalry
- teamwork and rivalry contributed to breakthroughs, as both sides wanted to quickly discover vaccinations for contagious diseases such as Diphtheria

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52
Q

Emil Von Bearing

A

scientist who discovered antitoxins could be used successfully treat diphtheria, discovered antitoxins in 1890

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53
Q

who discovered the magic bullet

A

Paul erlich worked with Robert Koch, Emil Von Benring and Sahachiro Hata (1900)

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54
Q

impact of magic bullet discovery

A

-birth of pharmeutical industry

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55
Q

salvarsan 606

A
  • 1909 by Paul Erlich and Hata
    -killed syphilis germ
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56
Q

Alexander Flemming

A

-1928, penicillin
- army doctor in WWI
-1929, published his findings in British Journal of Experimental Pathology

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57
Q

nobel prize for penicillin

A
  • 1945, Flemming, Florey and Chain were jointly awarded nobel prize for medicine for work on penicillin
58
Q

prontosil

A

-found to be the magic bullet that killed the streptococcus infection
- Gerhard Domagk used to cure his daughter in 1935

59
Q

when was the synthetic (chemical) version of penicillin created?

A

1955

60
Q

discovery of peniciilin

A
  • first antibiotic
  • saved 200 million lives since development
  • flemming accidentally left some bacteria on a petri dish in his lab
    -after 2 weeks, the green mould (penicillin notatum) stopped growing
61
Q

problems with penicillin

A
  • difficult to grow enough for effective research
  • take time to have an effect
  • unable to get funding
62
Q

Norman Heatley

A

Biochemist, helped Florey and Chain to develop equipment to test penicillin

63
Q

how did WW2 change medicine?

A

-resulting in injuries drove further developments in medicine, especially in blood transfusions and skin grafts

64
Q

role of women in WW2

A

-women worked as ambulance drivers, stretcher- bearers and with the rescue
-nurses given military ranks from 1941 and had to take part in training after 1943
- Many members of QAIMINS served overseas
- more women studied medicine in 1946 than 1938
1946= 2,900 1938= 2000

65
Q

Dwight harken

A

-developed a new technique for removing bullets from the heart
- conducted 130 of these operations in WW2 and no one died

66
Q

better methods of plastic surgery in WW2

A
  • saline, improved movement in the area when the burn healed
  • war lead to new advances in skin graft methods
67
Q

PTSD treatment in WW2

A

18 psychiatric hospitals set up in peaceful surroundings

68
Q

key developments of blood transfusions in WW2

A
  • blood donations became more common- 700,000 donated blood in WW2
  • better blood banks, army blood supply depot in Bristol
  • doctors began to use blood plasma
    –> developed dried plasma package, easier to store
69
Q

Wylie Mckissock

A

worked on brain injuries in WW2, building work of Harvey Cushing in WWI

70
Q

marie curie

A

-polish doctor given nobel prize in 1903
-1898, finds 2 new radioactive elements–> radium and polonium
-built mobile x rays to be used on the front line and in base hospitals
-trained over 150 friends and volunteers how to drive and use the x ray machines
-drove ‘Little Curies’ all over the western front

71
Q

when was germ theory published

A

1861

72
Q

who was chloroform discovered by and when?

A

James simpson in 1847

73
Q

who was on each side of the war?

A

between central powers ( germany, austria-hunagry, hungaria, bulgaria and ottomoan empire) and the allied powers ( france, russia, belgium, serbia and britain) later joined by USA and Italy

74
Q

start and end of the war

A

started july 28th 1914, ended november 11th 1918

75
Q

why did the war happen?

A
  • militarism, nationalism, imperialism, alliances, and economic rivalry
76
Q

triple entente

A

britain, russia and france formed in 1907

77
Q

triple alliance

A

german, austria-hungary and italy, may 1882

78
Q

july days

A

days in between the assassination and the start of the war

79
Q

schlieffen plan

A

-created december 1905, employed august 1914
-created by senior general in german army, count alfred von schlieffem
-germany was worried being encircled by france and russia

80
Q

why did the schelieffen plan fail

A

-6 week timetable
-BEF slowed down at battle of Mons
- belgium army slowed down german advance at forts around leige
plan 17-slowed down german supplies of food and ammunition by 2 weeks
-soldiers were tired, hungry and un-equipped
-General Von Kluck changes the plan
-battle of marne- germans forced back to the river aisne, began to dig trenches
-russia mobolised in 15 days instead of 6 weeks

81
Q

what was deadlock on the western front?

A

both sides dug trenches from which they launched repeated attacks
-very little gain
-high number of casualties

82
Q

why was there deadlock?

A

-failure of schlieffen plan, strength of defences, ineffective weapons, no new tactics, the mud

83
Q

role of aircraft

A

-gather intelligence on the enemy
–> monitoring troop movements, trench layout and supply chains
- at first in 1914, airplanes were extremely primitive, unarmed and unreliable and highly dangerous ‘string bags’

84
Q

how did aircraft improve in 1918?

A

-fighters, fitted with machine guns, much faster and menurverable
-bombers, could carry heavy loads of bombs and drop them on distant targets
-by 1918, 10,000 planes were being used and over 50,000 airmen killed

85
Q

role of machine guns

A
  • defends trenches, fairly new weapon
    -fires 400 to 600 bullets per minute with a range of 2,000km
    -germans had 12,000 in 1914, Britain didnt use machine guns until 1915
    -required 4 to 6 operators, more suited for defence than attack
    -could overheat or jam
    -prolonged stalemate rather than breaking it
86
Q

improvement of machine guns

A

-1918, being used by all armies
-rate of fire vastly increased and some handheld ‘light machine guns’ had been developed
–> e.g. the lewis gun

87
Q

role of poison gas

A

-help soldiers break into enemys trench–> causes terror
-released from canisters into no mans land

88
Q

what was poison gas like in 1914

A

-chlorine gas was first used by the germans at the 2nd battle of ypres, 1915
-britain used chlorine gas at the battle of loos (sept 1915)

89
Q

improvement of poison gas

A

-1917, more lethal gases were developed–> mustard gas
-gas shells were introduced, overcomed problem of wind direction
-specialised gas masks and protective clothing for soldiers, dogs, horses and pigeons
-psychological weapon, little impact on breaking stalemate

90
Q

role of tanks

A

-used to cross difficult ground, destroy machine guns, provide cover for advancing infantry and crush barbed wire in front of enemy trenches

91
Q

what were tanks like in 1914?

A

-used first by british at the battle of the somme (1916)
-they moved at a walking pace, not very meneurverable
-more than half broke down
- germs didnt use tanks until 1918

92
Q

improvment of tanks

A

-1917 at cambrai, over 400 tanks were used and achieved great success, infantry couldnt keep up

93
Q

role of artillery

A

-bombarded enemy lines by firing huge shells (up to 108kg)

94
Q

what was artillery like?

A

-1914, not very accurate and difficult to range targets
-sometimes bombarded their own trenches
-1915, 50% of british shells were duds

95
Q

how did artillery improve

A
  • shells improved in quality
    -new tactics–> the creeping barrage and the box barrage
    -spotter aircraft, spotter balloons, being used to send live info to the artillery about where and what to fire at
96
Q

battle of the somme date

A

1st july 1916 to 18th november 1916
took place on the river of the somme in france

97
Q

4 key outcomes of the battle of the somme

A

-57,000 british casualties and 8,000 german casualties
-by november, 620000 for the allies and 450,000 for the germans
-at most, the allies advanced 15km along the western front
-germans called off their attacks at verdun

98
Q

why was the battle of the somme unsuccessful?

A

-new attack was coming
- week b4 the attack: 1.73 million shells were fired at german lines
- general haig told soldiers to advance slowly towards enemy trenches, believed they would be undefended

99
Q

battle of Passchendaele

A

-july 1917, 10th november 1917
-british and canada VS the germans led by the general haig

100
Q

result of the battle of Passchendaele

A
  • 3 months of fighting, Paschendaele was cauptured
  • 240,000 british and 220,000 germans wounded or killed
    -allies captured 8km of territory, haig failed to complete the main objective
101
Q

why did the battle of Passchendaele fail?

A

-germans knew the attack was coming
-heavy rain turned the battle field into quagmire, knee-deep in liquid mud

102
Q

what was the german naval threat

A

-britain had the largest navi in 1914
-naval arms race, caused a stalemate at sea for most of the war

103
Q

battle of heligoland

A

-28th august 1914
-british attacks on german destroyers in the north sea
-british sqaudron of 31 destroyers, 2 cruisers, 8 submarines attacked a german patrol

104
Q

3 key outcomes of the battle of heligoland

A

-3 german cruisers, and 1 destroyer sunk, 3 more cruisers badly damaged, 712 german soldiers dead, 530 injured, 336 taken prisoner
-britain–> damage to 1 cruiser and 3 destroyers, 35 soldiers dead, 40 injured
-german kaiser was angry at the loss of ships, further action must be approved by him –> no major fleets for several months ater

105
Q

german raids

A

-attacks on british ships and towns
-november 3rd- december 6th 1914
-germans bombarded great yarmouth in november and then in december, they bombarded scarborough, whitby and hartlepool

106
Q

the naval race

A

-germany believed to become a world power they needed to challenge the british navy
-1898 and 1900 germany passed the navy laws
-by 1905, germany had began to build more battleships and cruisers
-german naval chief, admiral tirpitz set up the naval league
-britain built best ever battleship, HMS dreadnought
-germany responded by building Rheinland
-between 1906 adn 1914, britain built 29 dreadnoughts and germany built 17

107
Q

arms race on land

A

-1906, Richard Haldane (british war minister) formed BEF of 144,000 soldiers who could travel immediatley to france in support of french troops if war was declared

108
Q

plan 17

A

-the need to take alsace loraine back under french control
-1913, french army cheif (general joffre) came up with plan 17
-the french troops would cross river Rhine and advance on Berlin

109
Q

first Moroccan crisis

A

-1905 to 1906
-when france lost alsace lorain, french were trading in morocco for minerals
-april 1904, france and britain would have a mandate over morocco, in return france would give up any interests they had in egypt

110
Q

first moroccan crisis german reaction

A

-kaiser wilhelm II, said publicly eh was interested in having equal economic rights in morocco
-31 march 1905, kaiser wilhelm II landed at Tangier, with the intention of showing a german interest
-german politicians looking for a ‘place in the sun’
-germany assured sultan aziz to protect independence of morocco

111
Q

algerciras conference

A

-1906
-conference held in argentina
-austria hungary supporting germany
-final agreement, france would have a controlling interest in moroccan affairs
-only worsened tensions
-showed entente cordial was strong
-angered kaiser wilhelm II and caused second moroccan crisis

112
Q

second moroccan crisis

A

-1911 to 1912
-rebel tribes rose up against the sultan and surrounded fez
-sultan asked france for help, france sent small group of soldiers to fez in may 1911

113
Q

second moroccan crisis german reaction

A

-believed france caused a tribal revolt to occupy morocco
-july 1st 1911, german gunboat SMS panther arrived in agadir, portect interests of german people living in morocco
-france sent more troops in response

114
Q

outcome of moroccan crisis

A

-further strengthened entente cordiale
-division between entente powers and germany increased

115
Q

bosnian crisis

A

-1908 to 1909
-organisation, ‘young turk’ forced turkeys ruler to restore turkey democratic constitution
-autria hungary annexed bosnia
-formation of balkan legue
-russia supported serbia and protested to austria hungary
-germany supported austria hungary

116
Q

first balkan war

A

-october 1912 to may 1913

117
Q

second balkan war

A

-june 1913 to august 1913

118
Q

outcomes of balkan wars

A

-serbia doubled in size and became agressive
-serbs in bosnia grew anxious and wanted to join serbia
-austria hungary got worried about possibility of revolt within its empire
-austria hunagry was determined to control serbia
-bulgaria was determined to get revenge on serbia

119
Q

assassination of franz ferdinand

A

-june 28th 1914
- in Sarajevo
- shot by gavrilo princip, black hand gang

120
Q

submarine warfare

A

-1915 to 1918
-Tirpitz advised the kaiser that germany should use unrestricted submarine warfare to weaken Britain
-february 4th 1915, german government announced all merchant shipping entering or leaving british waters would get destroyed
-only 4% of ships supplying british were sunk

121
Q

anti u boat measures

A

-huge minefields were set in the english channel
-depth charges were developed, they exploded and destroyed submarines if they were dropped from ships nearby
-British priminister, David lloyd George persuaded royal navy to use a convoy system
-british introduced q ships

122
Q

successes of anti u boat measures

A

-20/63 u boats were sunk in 1917, hit a mine
-1915 to end of 1917, depth charges destroyed 5 submarines, improved design destroyed 22 u boats
-1918, 1% of ships in convoys were sunk by u boats
-q ships were responsible for 10% of all u boats sunk

123
Q

sinking of luistania

A

-7th may 1915
-german submarine U20 torpedoed lusitania 18km off the coast of Ireland
-sank in 18 minutes
-1198/1959 passengers drowned, 128 of them were americans
-

124
Q

effects of the galipoli campaign

A

-480,000 allied soldiers took part
-204,000 men wounded
-48,000 men killed
-many soldiers became sick due to the condintions, typhoid and dynestry
-the dardanelles were still closed to russian ships and russia faced the propspect of slow starvation
-stalemate on western front wasnt broken
-germany able to stengthen position on western front
-turkish morale was high, confident troops

125
Q

operation michael

A

-march to june 1918
-600 german guns began a powerful 5 hour bombardment on 21st march
-release of mustard gas
-hutier techniques
-germany advanced 65km pyyric victory, pointless land, didnt know how to defend, broke stalemate for the first time

126
Q

why the lundendorf offensive?

A

-germany transferred 500,000 troops to western front, 1.4 million in total
-USA declared war on germany

127
Q

failure of Ludendorff offensive

A

-ludendorff sent too many men into french territory
-german troops gone too far and fast into french territory, supplies couldnt keep up
-german advance created a salient, 130km long and 65km wide

128
Q

entry of USA into the war

A

-april 1917
-november 1918, almost 2 million american soldiers in Europe

129
Q

what did US soldiers do in france?

A

-build over 1600km of railway lines
-16,000 km of telegraph and telephone cables
-enlarged french ports, more ships could deliver men and supplies

130
Q

hundred days offensive

A

-8th august to 11th november 1918

131
Q

battle of amiens

A

-8th august 1918
-carefully prepared artillery barrage
-allies killed, wounded or captured 48,000 enemy troops
-described as ‘black day of german army’
-more than 500 tanks, 92m every 3 mins
-broken german front line
-allies forced germans back to hidenburg line

132
Q

the armistice

A

-abdicated by the kaiser on 9th november, and escaped to holland
-11th november 1918, germans agreed to allies terms for an armistice

133
Q

-reasons for germanys defeat

A

-food
-famine
-flu
-political turmoil

134
Q

when did britain join war

A

4th august 1914

135
Q

when did austria annex bosnia

A

1908

136
Q

the admiral leading the british grand fleet in 1914

A

jon jellicoe

137
Q

treaty of fez

A

-1911
-gave france control over morroco and gave germany control over part of the congo

138
Q

galipoli campaign

A

-25th april 1915
-churchill was blamded for the failure of the campaign
-british and anzac troops landed at galopili penisula but failed to destroy the turkish forts
-a brirish naval bombardment (february 1915) failed to destroy the turkish forts on galipoli penisula and open the dardanelles sea route to russia

139
Q

treaty of Brest litovsk

A

-ended Russias participation in ww1
-signed march 3td 1918

140
Q

Zimmerman telegram

A

-caused USA to enter WWI
-sent 11th January 1917
-sent by German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman to mexico
-if use was to join the war, they wanted to persuade Mexico to invade USA
-the germans offered to provide military and financial support
-government of Mexico didn’t agree

History (7 decks)

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