Mix of Flow & Matter 1-2 Flashcards
What is the particle model?
- All substances are made of tiny particles
- All particles in a pure substance are the same
- All the particles have spaces between them
- All the particles are always in motion
- The particles in a substance are attracted to one another
What is a fluid?
A fluid is anything that has no fixed shape and can flow. Usually it is a liquid, or a gas.
What is agrifoam?
Agrifoam is a fluid – a shaving-cream-like material that can be sprayed onto plants to protect them from freezing.
What are slurries?
A mixture of water and a solid
What is slurry technology? +an example
Slurry technology – the transport of solids in water
One of these is mining in the Oil Sands.
Originally used conveyor belts to move the oil sand- too expensive.
Now pumped to the plant by way of a slurry pipeline.
How do fluids become solids?
Fluids take the shape of their containers.
Many solid materials are originally prepared as fluids.
ex: Glass, Steel and concrete
They cool or dry as a solid they are in the form they should be.
How/what are fluids that can hold other materials?
The ability of fluids to flow and carry other materials makes them useful in many different applications.
Toothpaste has a ‘binder’ that keeps all of the ingredients (bauxite, detergent, fluoride) together
What are the useful properties of fluids?
By properties of fluids, such as:
density, buoyancy, viscosity and compressibility;
technological devices can be designed which make use of these properties.
What do hovercrafts use to float on the water?
motion of gas fluid
what does a hydraulic press use to lift heavy things?
movement of liquids
all matter is either a…
pure substance or a mixture
what is a pure substance? +examples
such as sugar, is made up of only one kind of matter, and cannot be broken down into a simpler form.
These are made up of only one type of matter, and can either be an element (found on the periodic table) or can be a compound of fixed-ratio elements that cannot be separated into different substances
Each pure substance has a unique set of properties, or characteristics
Baking soda, sugar, aluminum foil, gold, and distilled water are all examples of pure substances
what is a mixture? +examples
such as soil, is made up of a combination of different substances
Mixtures are two or more substances that are combined together, and each substance added to a mixture keeps its own physical properties.
For example, Coca-Cola has carbon dioxide, sugar, and water, and while you might not be able to see the sugar, you can definitely taste it
Sometimes you can see the different components of a mixture
what are the different types of mixtures?
mechanical: you can see the different parts of the mixture, such as in soil, frozen vegetables, or a blend of different candies
This type of mixture is sometimes called a Heterogeneous Mixture (hetero – meaning ‘different’)
solutions: Solutions appear like it is one substance, and many times is a solute dissolved in a solvent (like kool-aid or sugar water)
These are sometimes called Homogeneous Mixtures (homo – meaning ‘same’)
Suspension: a cloudy mixture in which droplets or tiny pieces of one substance are held within another substance.
If you let the suspension sit, it will usually separate out into its separate parts.
Ex. Muddy water, flour in water, paint, dust in air
Colloid: A cloudy mixture but the droplets or tiny pieces are so small that they do not separate out of the mixture easily.
Ex. Corn starch and water, Homogenized milk (tiny cream droplets in whey protein).
what is the flow chart for matter?
- Matter —-> mixtures or pure substances
- Pure substances —-> elements or compounds
- Mixtures —-> heterogeneous mixture or homogeneous mixture
- Heterogeneous mixture —-> mechanical mixtures
- Homogeneous mixture —-> solutions or suspensions or colloids
what is paper chromatography and what can it be used for/what does it do?
A paper chromatography test can be used to determine if a substance is pure or a solution.
A filter paper is placed partially in a solution. If the fluid moves up to only one level it is a pure substance – if it moves up to multiple levels showing each substance, then it is a mixture/solution.
What is dissolving?
Forming a solution by mixing two or more materials together is called dissolving.
Dissolving occurs because of the attracting between the particles (there may be a stronger attraction to the particles of another substance, than to the particles of the same substance)
what is the difference between a solute and a solvent?
The solute is the substance that dissolves in a solvent. The solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution. Solutes and solvents can be gases or liquids.
what is soluble?
Soluble means to be able to be dissolved in a particular solvent.
how do you calculate concentration?
The concentration of a solution is the actual amount of solute in a specific amount of solvent.
Example: 50 grams of solute dissolved in 100 ml of water has a concentration of 50g/100ml
(Another common way to express concentration is how much solute is dissolved in a 100 ml of a solvent ) Concentration can also be stated as a percentage - ie. 5% (means, 5g/100ml).
Extremely low concentrations are stated in ppm (parts per million).
what do you need in order to compare concentrations?
to compare concentrations of 2 solutions, you need to know the amount of solute in the same volume of the solvent for each solution
what is the limit to concentration called?
The limit to concentration is called solubility. (The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a fixed volume of solvent at a given temperature.)
what is a saturation point?
Every solution has a saturation point at a given temperature. This occurs when no more solute can be dissolved in a fixed volume of solvent at that temperature
what is a saturated and unsaturated solution?
A saturated solution is one in which no more solute will dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a specific temperature (it has reached its saturation point)
Using the particle theory, the attractive forces between the particles becomes balanced and no more particles of the solute can be attracted by the particles of the solvent
An unsaturated solution is one in which more solute can be dissolved in a specific solvent at the same specific temperature
how would you compare solubility?
A solution that contains more solute than would normally dissolve at a certain temperature is called a super-saturated solution.
Other substances won’t dissolve in a solvent. That substance is known as insoluble to that solvent…but it may be soluble in other solvents
which 3 factors affect solubility?
- the type of solvent
- the type of solute
- the temperature: solubility increases as the temperature of the solvent increases, because more space is provided between the particles for the solute particles to fit (dissolve) into. The reverse is true for a gas though - as the temperature increases, the solubility of a gas, in a liquid solvent decreases
what is the universal solvent?
water
what does aqueous mean?
water
what is thermal pollution/how does it occur?
if the temperature of water increases (warm industrial waste water pured directly into lakes and rivers) then there is less oxygen that can be dissolved in the water - thus, affecting the living organisms in the water
what is the particle model of matter?
All matter is made up of tiny particles. Different substances have different particles.
The particles are always moving and vibrating
The particles in matter may be attracted to each other or bonded together
The particles have spaces between them
how does the particle model explain mixing substances?
Particles are different sizes and when two substances are mixed, the smaller particles fill the spaces between the larger particles (like sand in between the marbles)
The particle model also states that particles are attracted to each other. However, in some substances particles can be attracted more to particles in other substances than to its own particles (this is what happens when something dissolves into something else)
which 3 factors will affect the rate at which a solute dissolves?
temperature: increasing the temperature makes the particles move faster.
Heat energy is transferred by the movement of particles.
Because the solvent particles are moving faster, they bump into the solute particles faster
size of pieces: small pieces of solute dissolve more quickly than large pieces. All the smaller pieces together have more surface area among them for the solvent
stirring (agitation): stirring moves all the particles around, so the solvent particles bump into the solute particles
