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Science 8 > Cells & Systems 3-4 > Flashcards

Cells & Systems 3-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

how do you obtain energy?

A

from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

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2
Q

what must your body do with energy?

A

process them into usable compounds

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of digestion?

A

mechanical: physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

chemical digestion: breaks down large chemicals through chemical reactions with enzymes

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4
Q

how does the mouth aid in digestion?

A
  • digestion starts in the mouth
  • mechanical digestion through chewing and grinding by teeth
  • chemical digestion through saliva
    • water moistens and softens food making it easier to swallow
    • an enzyme called salivary amylase breaks down starch molecules into sugar molecules
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5
Q

how does the esophagus aid in digestion?

A
  • once thoroughly chewed you swallow your food
  • a flap called the epiglottis covers your windpipe, food passes to the esophagus
  • food moves down esophagus via peristalsis
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6
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

wave like muscle contractions

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7
Q

how does the stomach aid in digestion?

A
  • mechanical digestion occurs as the stomach churns food back and forth
  • chemical digestion occurs with secretions of gastric juice
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8
Q

what is gastric juice made of?

A

mucus: prevents gastric juice from digesting stomach
hydrochloric acid: very corrosive, low pH
water: moistening
digestive enzymes: chemically digested proteins

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9
Q

how does the small intestine aid in digestion?

A
  • chemical digestion continues
  • enzymes break down starches, proteins, and lipids
  • 6m long
  • if surface area was stretched out it would cover a classroom floor
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10
Q

what are villi?

A
  • small fingerlike projections
  • line the inner surface of the small intestine
  • increase surface area and aid in absorbing nutrients
  • covered in epithelial tissue
  • molecules get absorbed into the blood stream just below the epithelial tissue
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11
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A
  • produce enzymes
  • enzymes are sent to the small intestine to aid in digesting starches
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12
Q

what does the liver do?

A
  • produces bile
  • bile is stored in the gull bladder
  • gallbladder sends bile to the small intestine to digest large globules of lipid into small pieces
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13
Q

what does the large intestine do?

A
  • mechanical and chemical digestion are complete
  • about 1.5 m long
  • absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals
  • anything undigested is formed into feces
  • feces are collected in the rectum and then expelled through the anus
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14
Q

what is the respiratory system responsible for?

A

supplying your blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide

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15
Q

what is breathing?

A

moving air in and out of your lungs

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16
Q

why does breathing occur?

A

because of diaphragm muscles

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17
Q

how does breathing in and out work?

A

breathing in: muscles contract pulling ribs up and diaphragm down - pulls air into your lungs

breathing out: muscles relax, ribs go down and diaphragm goes up - pushes air out

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18
Q

what is gas exchange?

A
  • cells require oxygen to function, and need to get rid of harmful carbon dioxide
  • respiratory system and circulatory system work together to exchange these gases
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19
Q

how does gas exchange work?

A
  • respiratory system draws in air rich in oxygen (rich = 20% oxygen)
  • air moves through tubes called bronchi to the lungs
  • bronchi narrow into bronchioles and at the end there are tiny air-filled sacs called alveoli
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20
Q

what are alveoli?

A
  • surrounded by capillaries with blood flowing through them
  • made of specialized epithelial cells, one cell thick
  • very small distance between air and blood stream
  • air in alveoli has a high concentration of oxygen and the blood has a low concentration, so it diffuses into the blood
  • carbon dioxides gradient is the opposite so it diffuses out of the blood
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21
Q

what makes up the circulatory system?

A

heart, veins, capillaries, and arteries

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22
Q

what does the circulatory system do?

A
  • your body’s transportation network
  • delivers nutrients and oxygen, helps remove waste products
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23
Q

what is the heart’s role in the circulatory system?

A
  • a pump to move blood through your body
  • made of muscle
  • right side pumps blood to lungs
  • left side receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body
  • after making its way through the body it returns to the right side depleted of oxygen
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24
Q

how many chambers is the heart made out of?

A

4

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25
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  • the top 2 chambers are called atria
  • the bottom 2 are called ventricles
  • blood moves into the atria and out of the ventricles
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26
Q

what are arteries?

A
  • vessels that carry blood away from your heart
  • thick and muscular to deal with the pressure of blood coming towards your heart
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27
Q

what are veins?

A
  • vessels that carry blood back towards your heart
  • thinner with valves that make sure it doesn’t flow backwards
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28
Q

what are capillaries?

A

specialized thin layered blood vessels that allow for the exchange of gases and nutrients

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29
Q

what is blood and what does it consist of?

A
  • second largest connective tissue
  • consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
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30
Q

what are red blood cells?

A
  • carry oxygen
  • mature red blood cells have no nuclei which makes room for more oxygen
  • very flexible allowing them to bend and flex through small capillaries
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31
Q

what are white blood cells?

A
  • specialized to fight infection
  • some are capable at eating bacteria at the sight of infection
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32
Q

what do platelets do?

A

help stop the bleeding of cuts

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33
Q

what does plasma do?

A

transports nutrients to your cells and carries wastes away

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34
Q

what is the excretory system?

A
  • removes wastes, which are poisonous to your body
  • involves organs from other systems
  • different organ systems interact to get rid of waste
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35
Q

what is the liver in the excretory system?

A
  • an organ of the digestive system that also plays a role in the excretory system
  • takes highly toxic ammonia and converts it to less harmful urea
  • urea still has to be disposed of, the liver releases it into the bloodstream
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36
Q

what are kidneys in the excretory system?

A
  • about 10cm long
  • main organ of excretion
  • strain out unwanted urea, water, and salts
  • produces urine
  • every drop of blood is filtered about 300 times a day
  • the amount of urine you produce will depend on the amount of water you drink
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37
Q

where does blood enter the kidney?

A

the renal artery

38
Q

how does urine formation occur?

A
  • blood enters the kidney through the renal artery
  • artery branches into smaller and smaller vessels (capillaries)
  • these small capillaries enter the filtering units known as nephrons
  • there are millions of nephrons in the kidney
39
Q

what do nephrons do?

A
  • remove wastes from blood and produce urine
  • clean filtered blood returns to the body through the renal vein
  • urine flows to the ureter
40
Q

what is the bladder?

A
  • muscular sac
  • urine enters and the bladder expands
  • bladder can store about 1L of urine
  • when full the muscles contract and push the urine out and it exits the body through the urethra
41
Q

how are skin and sweat related?

A
  • sweat is salty
  • your skin has thousands of sweat glands just below the surface
  • produce sweat to keep you cool but also to release excess salt
42
Q

what can different renal (kidney) diseases do?

A
  • certain diseases affect kidney function
  • patients with kidney failure often have protein in their urine
  • people with diabetes will often have glucose in their urine
43
Q

what is a dialysis machine and how does it work?

A
  • dialysis machine performs the function of a kidney, for people whose kidneys don’t work
  • patients blood flows to semi permeable tubing in the machine to filter their blood
  • over 4-6 hours the patients blood is filtered and flows back into their body
44
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

monitors stimuli in the environment around you and reacts to stimuli if necessary

45
Q

what is a stimulus?

A
  • a change in your environment
  • could be a change in pressure, heat, light, sound, or body chemistry
46
Q

what is the nervous system mostly made of?

A

nervous tissue

47
Q

what is nervous tissue made of?

A

neurons

48
Q

what is a neuron’s job?

A

to send and receive messages

49
Q

how do neurons work?

A
  • small branches of the cell called dendrites receive messages
  • message is passed through the cell body down the axon
  • small branches carry the message to the dendrites of neighbouring cells
50
Q

what is an axon?

A

long extension of the cell that ends in small branches

51
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system (CNS): the brain and the spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (PNS): these nerves travel to all parts of the body

52
Q

what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

somatic nervous system: voluntary responses (ex. deciding to turn your head when you hear a sound)

autonomic nervous system: involuntary responses (ex. your body automatically changes breathing rates when needed)

53
Q

how does the central nervous system (CNS) work?

A
  • brain receives stimuli from the outside world which are gathered by the sense organs and within the body itself
  • the brain reacts to stimuli and sends messages to appropriate body parts
54
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the brain and where are they located?

A

cerebrum: main large part at front

cerebellum: smaller part at the bottom

medulla (brain stem): stem leading up to bottom of cerebellum

55
Q

what is the spinal cord and what does it do?

A
  • connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system
  • highway for messages between the brain and the body
  • contains interneurons
56
Q

what do interneurons do?

A

connect sensory neurons to motor neurons

57
Q

what is an example of the reflex arc?

A
  • you touch a hot element, which gives the stimulus of heat
  • sensory neurons send info to spinal cord
  • interneurons relay message to motor neurons
  • motor neurons quickly contract your muscles and remove your hand
  • info goes to your brain, but by the time you know what happened you’ve already pulled your hand away
58
Q

what does the integumentary system do?

A
  • protect the body’s internal environment from the external environment
  • senses pain, pressure, and temperature
59
Q

what are the 3 layers of skin?

A

epidermis: top layer of skin -does not contain blood vessels but is used for protection, absorption of nutrients, and homeostatic maintenance

dermis: second layer -gives elasticity and structure to the skin, allowing for flexibility, and resisting distortion, sagging, and wrinkling

hypodermis (subcutaneous (fat)): made up of adipose (fatty) tissue

60
Q

what are sweat glands?

A
  • do not extend too deep into the dermis
  • secrete a water based electrolyte complex known as sweat
  • sweat acts as a coolant for the skin
  • the amount of sweat in an area depends on the number of sweat glands, and the size of the surface opening
61
Q

what are arrector pili?

A
  • muscles that are attached to the hair follicles
  • contraction of these muscles make the hairs stand on end, usually referred to as goosebumps
62
Q

what is eczema?

A

characterized by areas of dry skin or rashes with symptoms such as redness and itching -scratching may result in scarring

63
Q

what is acne?

A

characterized by bumps and discoloration of the skin, acne is most dense in areas with high oil contents, such as the face, neck, upper chest, and back

64
Q

what is the structure and function of the muscular system?

A

structure: muscles and tendons

functions: - move bones
- move organs that contain muscle tissue (such as the heart and stomach)

65
Q

what are muscles and what are the 3 types of muscles?

A
  • soft tissue of animals
  • skeletal, cardiac, smooth
66
Q

what are actin and myosin?

A
  • two filaments found in your muscles
  • they slightly overlap when at rest
  • when you flex, they filaments glide over each other, causing the band of muscle to flex
67
Q

how does the muscular system work?

A
  • with proper nutrition and hydration the fibres will move easily
  • muscles require electrolytes
  • large need of electrolytes from cardiac and skeletal muscle
68
Q

what is muscle dystrophy?

A
  • progressive weakness and wasting away of the voluntary muscles that control body movement
  • muscle tissue is replaced by fatty and connective tissue
  • movements of the muscle are now more rigid and difficult
  • currently no cure
69
Q

what is the structure and functions of the skeletal system?

A

structure: bones, cartilage

functions: - provide a movable support frame for the body
- protect soft tissue organs such as the heart and lungs

70
Q

how are bones comprised?

A
  • has an outer layer of hard or compact bone, it is very strong, dense, and tough
  • inside this is a layer of spongy bone, which is like a honeycomb, lighter and slightly flexible
  • in the middle of some bones is a jelly-like bone marrow, where cells are being produced for the blood
71
Q

what are tendons?

A

rough, inelastic bands that hold and attach muscle to bone

72
Q

what is cartilage?

A
  • in joints
  • acts as a cushion between bones, protects bones
  • protects the bones from rubbing against each other and wearing down
73
Q

what are ligaments?

A
  • strong inelastic bands of connective tissue that help hold bones together at joints
  • joints allow your body to move in many different ways
74
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A
  • is a normal result of aging
  • also caused by wear and tear on a joint
  • cartilage breaks down and wears away, the bones rub together
  • causes pain, swelling, and stiffness
  • bony spurs or extra bone may form around the joint
75
Q

what type of wounds were 50% lethal in the 1800s?

A

puncture wounds

76
Q

where and when was smallpox mainly present?

A

in Europe in the 1600s and 1700s

77
Q

what were the symptoms and death rate of smallpox?

A

◦ Victims broke out with puss filled
sores (pox)
◦ Presented with chills high fever
and muscle pain
◦ Up to 40% of people died
◦ Many who survived became blind

78
Q

how was the first vaccine created?

A

◦ English country doctor Edward Jenner
noticed milkmaids who had had cowpox
rarely got smallpox
◦ Cowpox is related to smallpox but much
milder
◦ Concluded that contracting cowpox
gave them immunity to smallpox
◦ He began intentionally infecting people
with cowpox… the first vaccine!

79
Q

who was Louis Pasteur?

A

◦ French chemist who was the first to
identify disease causing agents as
microorganisms
◦ “Germs” were too small to be seen by
the human eye!
◦ Later proved that germs were the
cause of infectious disease
◦ He was able to come up for cures of
many common diseases

80
Q

who was Joseph Lister?

A

◦ English surgeon
◦ Many of his patients died
even though their surgeries
were successful
◦ Concluded “germs” entered
the surgical wound and
caused infection
◦ Introduced the practice of
cleanliness and sterilization

81
Q

what is scurvy?

A

a disease often contracted by sailors that was actually a vitamin c deficiency

82
Q

what is asthma?

A

◦ A condition where airways
become narrowed temporarily
◦ Can be triggered by many things,
dust, exercise, temperature
◦ Hundreds of years ago an asthma
attack could be fatal
◦ Developed inhalers to provide
medication and open airways

83
Q

what factors affect human health?

A

Overall health of your cells and systems can be
determined by:
◦ Inherited diseases or conditions
◦ Sensitivity to environmental conditions
◦ How you respond to physical, emotional and
psychological stress
◦ How you treat your body in general

84
Q

how many different chemicals are in cigarettes?

A

4000

85
Q

what is tar?

A

◦ Dark sticky substance that forms as a cigarette burns
◦ Coat respiratory organs
◦ Tar prevents the movement of mucus out of the lung

86
Q

what is carbon monoxide?

A

◦ Colourless odorless gas
◦ Is absorbed by blood cells instead of oxygen
◦ Smokers have less oxygen in their blood, their hearts need to beat faster

87
Q

what is nicotine?

A

◦ A drug that speeds up the heart and raises blood pressure
◦ Highly addictive

88
Q

what diseases could you get from smoking?

A

bronchitis, emphysema or lung cancer

89
Q

what does fat turn into?

A

◦ Fat turns into cholesterol in your
body
◦ The more fat you eat the more
cholesterol builds up in your
arteries

90
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

◦ Build up of cholesterol in arteries
◦ Pathways are narrower
◦ Heart has to pump harder to
move blood
◦ Blood lacks oxygen
◦ Could lead to heart attack

91
Q

what factors affect the digestive system?

A

◦ Common problem: ulcers
◦ Used to believe they were due to stress
◦ Believed stress would cause a decreased
mucus production and gastric juice would
eat stomach lining
◦ Further research show it was the bacteria
H. Pylori.
◦ If the bacteria is not killed by the acid it
can break down the mucus
◦ Simple solution: Antibiotics

Science 8 (3 decks)

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