Cells & Systems 1-2 Flashcards
which 6 characteristics are common to all living organisms?
- organization (living organisms are made out of cells)
-energy (living organisms need energy)
-environment (living organisms respond and adapt to their environment)
-reproduction (living organisms reproduce)
-growth (living organisms grow and develop)
-wastes (living organisms produce wastes)
GROWEE
what is the cell?
the cell is the basic unit of life.
it can perform all the processes that allow life to happen.
all organisms are made up of at least one cell and every cell comes from another cell
are non-living things made of cells?
non-living things are not made of cells, however, they will be found in non-living material if the material was alive at one time
what is energy?
energy is the ability to make things move or change
where is energy obtained from?
the environment
how do plants and animals differ in the way they get their energy?
plants get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis
animals get their food from the environment around them (by eating it)
what is a stimulus?
a stimulus is anything that causes a response in an organism
the organism’s reaction to this stimulus is called a response
what is an adaptation?
an adaptation is a characteristic that allows an organism to survive in its environment
what are the 2 types of adaptations?
structural - in which organisms have a structural feature that is a part of them that enables them to adapt
behavioural - an action the organism does in order to survive
what are analogous structures?
-same appearances
-same functions
-different internal structures
-not evidence of a common ancestor
what are homologous structures?
-appear physically different
-perform different functions
-internally same/similar structure
-evidence of evolution from a common ancestor in different environments
what hypothesis did Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann make?
that all living things are made out of cells
what is the Cell Theory and who formulated it
-all living things are composed of one or more cell
-cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms
it was formulated by Rudolf Virchow
which factors impact what you are able to see inside a cell?
-the type of microscope you use
-power of the lenses
-quality of the prepared slides
what is the compound equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 34ATP
what is atp?
energy (the stuff our bodies use to work)
what is a cell membrane?
a bilipid membranous layer containing phosphate, composed of proteins and flexible wall around the cell - this encases the cell’s contents
what does phospholipid mean?
phospho –> hydrophilic (like water)
the phosphate head
lipid –> hydrophobic (don’t like water)
the fatty tail
(_) - phosphatic head
{{{ - lipid tails
imagine it looks like a jellyfish
what does bi-layer mean?
there are 2 layers
what is ECF?
extra cellular fluid
what does semipermeable mean?
it allows nutrients in and out
what is the cytoplasm?
a jelly-like substance composed mainly of water found between the cell membrane and the nucleus
makes up most of the body of a cell and is constantly streaming
contains organelles and dissolved substances like salts and other nutrients
what is the endoplasmic reticulum?
a network of membranes adjacent to the nucleus
continuous with the nucleus envelope (located near the nucleus)
can be rough when lined with ribosomes or smooth when it’s not
carries materials through the cell
rough ER prepares proteins for export
smooth ER synthesizes steroids and breaks down toxic substances
often abbreviated as ER
what are ribosomes?
small particles found individually in the cytoplasm and also line the membranes of rough ER
not surrounded by a membrane
produces protein
what are vacuoles?
they store nutrients, water, and other specific things
plant cells tend to have 1 central vacuole while animal cells have many
what is the nucleus?
largest organelle in the cell
round
has a dark centre which is the nucleus
surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear membrane
contains genetic information (DNA) on special strands
what is the golgi apparatus?
stacks of flattened membrane sacs with smaller vesicles or vacuoles on either side
lysosomes bud off of them and break down cell waste
what is the mitochondria?
powerhouse of the cell
site of cellular respiration
found in all organisms
the fluid filled space within the inner membrane is called the matrix
the matrix contains many of the chemicals and proteins
required to break down carbohydrates
what is endocytosis?
endo - into
cytosis - cells
enters the cell
what is exocytosis
exo - exit
cytosis - cells
leaves the cell
what is the cell wall?
wall around plant cells
very rigid: reinforces the structure
made of cellulose and lignin
2 mains types - chromoplasts and leucoplasts
what do multiple atoms make up?
a molecule
what is the equation for photo synthesis?
(6)CO2 + (6)H2O —> C6 H12 O6 + O2
what are chloroplasts/plastids?
make and store needed compounds
photosynthesis occurs here
consists of a series of membranes
stroma is the fluid that contains the chemicals necessary for photosynthesis
what is the central vacoule?
only found in plant cells
reinforces the plant
storage room
what do cells need to carry out their work?
a constant supply of nutrients such as oxygen, water, and food particles and to get rid of waste particles
all these materials must pass through the cell membrane
how do cells work together?
the cells of an organism all work together to help perform the various functions that need to occur if the organism is to live
what are unicellular organisms?
unicellular or single cell organisms are organisms made up of one single cell
what can multicellular organisms do?
live in a wide variety of environments
grow very large
obtain their energy from a wide variety of foods
have complex bodies
specialize functions and work in harmony with other cells
what are amoebas?
common unicellular organisms that live in water
they move around using foot like projections called pseudopods
when they extend a pseudopod, the cytoplasm fills it
they also use their pseudopods to capture food by surrounding it between 2 pseudopods and absorbing it
what are paramecium?
live in fresh water
paramecium move quickly through the water
covered in hair like structures called cilia, which move back and forth through the water like oars
cilia also help gather food, by channeling the food to an oral groove, which is also lined with cilia, sweeping the food into the cytoplasm forming a food vacuole
who were micro-organisms first discovered by?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek through his hobby of grinding lenses
what are the parts of the microscope?
ocular lens
arm/neck
mechanical stage
stage clips
coarse adjustment knob
fine adjustment knob
body tube
nose piece
objective lens
stage
diaphragm/iris
light source/lamp
base
what is the arm and base?
the structural support of the microscope
what is the body tube?
the structure that holds the eyepiece to the nosepiece
what is the ocular/eyepiece?
a lens with a power of 10X magnification
you can multiply the magnification power of the eyepiece with the power of the objective lens to get the total magnification
what is the nosepiece?
the nose, which connects all of the objectives, rotates around to change the zooming power of the view of the slide
what are the objective lenses?
the objective lenses, found on the revolving nosepiece
when you change its position it changes the magnification
this unit has 3 lenses: the red lens, also known as the scanner, has a magnification power of 4X
the yellow lens, called the low power lens, has a magnification power of 10X
the blue lens, called the high power lens, has a magnification of 40X
what is the stage?
the platform to place the slide on for observation
this is where the stage clips and mechanical stage can be found
what are stage clips?
these structures are mainly found on student microscopes and are designed to hold the slide in place
what is the coarse adjustment knob?
the first device for focusing
with the scanner objective in place, this knob is used to determine a sharp focus
(coarse salt = big coarse knob = big)
what is the fine adjustment knob?
after roughly focusing with the coarse adjustment knob, turn the fine adjustment knob to sharply focus the image
(fine salt = small fine knob = small)
what are the iris and light condenser?
the structures allow or block light into the view of the microscope to adjust the darkness of the background
what is the light source?
an electric lamp that provides the light that travels through the slide in order to view
operated by the light switch
what is fiber optics?
a technology that allows light to travel down a flexible tube
what are the 2 types of electron microscopes?
TEM: transmission electron microscope
SEM: scanning electron microscope
what is the difference between TEM and SEM microscopes?
the main difference is that in a SEM, the electrons pass through the cell and react, causing a contrast in what is viewed
in a TEM, some electrons pass through areas, so not as much contrast is seen
what is the structure and function of muscle cells?
structure: elongated and tapered on either side
function: move parts of the body
what is the structure and function of skin cells?
structure: flat and thin, brick or honeycomb shaped
function: fit closely together to form a continuous layer
what is the structure and function of nerve cells?
structure: long branched fibres running from the main part of the cell
function: to carry nerve signals from one part of your body to another
what is the structure and function of blood cells?
structure: thin, disc like, gic=ving them a large surface area to collect oxygen
function: carry oxygen in the bloodstream
what is the structure and function of bone cells?
structure: thick, mineral material
function: to provide support
what is a selectively permeable membrane?
a membrane that only lets certain materials through
what is diffusion?
the diffusion of the cell membrane controls what moves in or out of a cell
particles moving in all directions and bumping into each other, eventually spreading out evenly throughout the cell
what is concentration?
the movement of particles to achieve homeostasis
what is homeostasis?
balance
what is an osmotic gradient?
the movement of water to achieve homeostasis
what does concentration determine?
the direction that a substance takes through the cell membrane
particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration
what is osmosis?
the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane
what is hypertonic and what makes a cell hypertonic?
when the concentration of an aqueous solution is higher inside the cell than out
hyper –> more
shrivels animal cells
kills plant cells
what is hypotonic and what makes a cell hypotonic?
when the concentration is less inside than out
hypo –> below
good for plants
bad for animals
what is isotonic and what makes a cell isotonic?
when the concentration is equal both inside and out
iso –> same
good for animals
bad for plants
what is crenated?
shriveled
what are the levels of cellular organization?
cell –> tissue –> organ –> organ system –> organism
what are tissues?
groups of similar cells that work together and have a similar structure and function
what are the 4 types of human tissue?
connective tissue: supports and connects different parts of the body
epithelial tissue: covers the surface of your body and the outside of your organs
it also lines the inside of some organisms
nervous tissue: makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
muscle tissue: allows you to move
what are the 3 types of plant tissue?
photosynthetic/storage: support plant, store food
transport tissue: transports food and water (phloem: transports sugars manufactured in the leaves to the rest of the plant, xylem: conducts water and minerals, absorbed by the root cells, to every cell in the plant
protective tissue: waterproof above ground, absorbs water at the roots
what are root hairs?
extensions of epidermal cells (which protect the outside of the plant)
where does photosynthesis take place?
in the leaves in the layer of cells that contains chloroplasts
what is plant transpiration?
the loss of water in a plant through evaporation
what are organs made up of?
each organ is made up of several tissues all working together
what are plants 2 organ systems?
root system
shoot-stems and leaves system
