mix Flashcards
Antigens
antigens are foreign molecules that trigger a specific immune response
- antigen are detected as foreign when they get inside another organism that does not have the same characteristics
Vaccines
- teach immune system to recognise a harmful infection
- the antibodies build immunity without triggering the disease itself
- recognise the pathogen and mount the appropriate immune response
- vaccines work based on immune systems primary and secondary response
hormones
- travel in the blood throughout the body
- affect only specific target cells
- target cells have receptors to which hormones bind
- receptors are constantly being synthesised and broken down
How antibodies work
- markers to identify antigens for phagocytes to stimulate phagocytosis
- as antitoxins, neutralize toxins for causing tetanus
- by attaching to bacterial flagella which is less active and easier for phagocytosis
- cause agglutination (clumping together) of bacteria = less likely to spread
hypothalamus
major integrating link between the nervous system and the endocrine system
pathogens
- gain access to the body
- attach to and / or enter cells
- receptor on pathogen must fit ( lock and key) - reproduce while avoiding hosts immune system long enough to produce harmful changes
Innate immunity
innate immunity is non-specific, meaning that these lines of defence work against a wide range of pathogens
fever
body temperature above the normal range of 36.5 - 37.5
Benefits:
speed of immune system reaction increased
inhibits growth of some temp sensitive microorganisms
inflammation
- nonspecific response to tissue damage
- damaged cells - release histamines which increase vasodilation
- heat, swelling and pain
regulation of calcium blood levels - high blood calcium
- high blood calcium signals thyroid gland - secretes calcitonin
- inhibits activation of vitamin D
- prevents calcium reabsorption
- limits calcium absorption
- inhibits osteoclasts, preventing the release of calcium into the blood
results in lower blood calcium levels
inhibits calcitonin secretion
regulation of calcium blood levels - low blood calcium
- low blood calcium signals parathyroid gland to secrete parathyroid hormone
- stimulates the activation of vitamin D
- stimulates calcium reabsorption
- vitamin D enhances calcium reabsorption
- stimulate osteoclasts - releasing calcium into blood
raises blood calcium levels
inhibits parathyroid hormone secretion
control of glucagon
- low blood glucose (hypoglycemia)
- glucagon acts on liver cells
- glucose released by liver cells raises blood glucose level to normal
- if blood glucose continues to rise hyperglycemia inhibits release of glucagon
control of insulin
- high blood glucose (hyperglycemia)
- insulin is secreted and acts on various body cells
- blood glucose level falls
- if blood glucose continues to fall hypoglycemia inhibits release of insulin
