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Endocrine system > lines of defence > Flashcards

lines of defence Flashcards

1
Q

first line of defence (non-specific)

A
  • structures, chemicals, processes that work to prevent pathogens entering the body
  • includes the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems
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2
Q

normal flora or gut microbiota

A

protect the body by competing with potential pathogens:
- this is called microbial antagonism

protects by :

  • consuming nutrients that would otherwise be available to pathogens
  • change pH to hinder competing microbes
  • stimulates 2nd line of defence
  • improve overall health by producing several types of vitamins
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3
Q

skin (physical defence)

A
  1. epidermis
    - multiple layers of tightly packed cells
    - sheds dead skin cells
    - few pathogens can penetrate
  2. dermis
    - collagen
    strength and plilability to resist abrasions that could introduce microorganisms
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4
Q

second line of defence (non-specific)

A
  • activated when pathogens penetrate skin or mucous membrane
  • cells, antimicrobial chemicals, and processes (but no physical barriers)
  • many of these components are contained or originate in the blood
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5
Q

leukocytes extracellular killing (2nd line of defence )

A
  1. natural killer lymphocytes
  2. eosinphils
  3. neutrophils
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6
Q

eosinophils

A

main effector cells in allergic responses and asthma

also fight helminth (worm) colonization

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7
Q

neutrophils

A

most abundant WBC
predominant cells in pus (white apperance)
responds quickly after tissue injury

acute inflammation

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8
Q

basophils

A

least common granulocyte

when activated, release histamine and other inflammatory chemicals

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9
Q

leukocytes agranulocytes

A
  1. lymphocytes
    most involved in specific immunity (3rd line)
  2. monocytes
    leave the blood and mature into macrophages

(phagocytic cells of the second line of defense)

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10
Q

T lymphocytes - T cells

A
  1. helper T cells
  2. killer T cells (cytotoxic)
  • circulate in the lymph and blood, migrate to the lymph nodes

part of the cellular immune response against:

  • endogenous invaders
  • abnormal invaders
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11
Q

B lymphocytes - B cells

A

produce:
plasma - cells make antibodies to a pathogen

  • memory cells - remember the same pathogen for a faster antibody production in future infection
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12
Q

second line of defense (how does it work)

A
  1. leukocytes phagocytosis - how phagocytes ingest and destroy foreign matter such as microorganisms
    - extracellualr killing by leukocytes
  2. non specific chemical defence
  3. inflammation
  4. fever
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13
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • WBC of specific immunity
  • produced from blood stem cells in the red blood marrow
  1. B and T cells
    B and T cells mature and circulate in the blood and lymph
    - circulation ensures they come into contact with pathogens and each other
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14
Q

leukocytes granulocytes

A

white blood cells with granules in the cytoplasm

  1. neutrophils
  2. basophils
  3. eosinophils
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15
Q

blood formed elements

A

three types of formed elements

  1. erytinrocytes - red blood cell, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
  2. platelets - involved in blood clotting ( also called thrombocytes)
  3. leukocytes - white blood cells -involved in defending the body against invaders
  4. granulocytes
  5. agranulocytes
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16
Q

lymphatic system (3rd line)

A
  • screens tissue of the body for foreign antigens
  • composed of lymphatic vessels and lymphatic cells
  • a one-way system that conducts lymph from local tissues and returns it to the circulatory system
  • lymph nodes housed with blood cells called lymphocytes that recognize and attack foreign antigens present in the lymph
17
Q

third line of defenence (acquired)

A

the body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders
- specific and adaptive immunity
- “memory” allows it to respond rapidly to additional encounters with a pathogen
Two types:
1. naturally acquired
2. artificially acquired

18
Q

artificially acquired

A

response to antigen introduced via vaccine

19
Q

naturally acquired

A

immune response against antigens encountered in daily life

20
Q

skin (chemical defence)

A

perspiration
-salt and water
- antimicrobial peptides
- lysozyme - destroys cell wall of bacteria
-
sebum
- keeps skin pliable and less likely to tear
- lowers pH of skin - inhibitory to many bacteria

Endocrine system (6 decks)

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