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sem 1 bn test 2 > mitosis & tissues > Flashcards

mitosis & tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what happens during interphase in the cell cycle?

A
  • cell grows
  • DNA is copied
  • protein, lipid and carbohydrate synthesis occur
  • centriole replication occurs
    ATP is made and used
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2
Q

what happens during the mitotic phase in the cell cycle?

A
  • cytoplasm divides

- nucleus divides

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3
Q

why do cells undergo mitosis?

A
  • as we grow, cells become bigger and then get to a stage where they become to large for the cell membrane transport process
  • when they get to big the cells no longer function effectively
  • when they get to big the cell will undergo mitosis to form two smaller daughter cells
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4
Q

what are labile cells?

A

cells that are constantly undergoing mitosis

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5
Q

what are stable cells?

A

they undergo mitosis only when some external factor indicates that they should do so

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6
Q

what are permanent cells?

A

they are amitotic - they lose the ability to undergo mitosis after a person is born

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7
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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8
Q

what does nucleotides consist of?

A

phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and a base

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9
Q

what are the sides of the DNA ladder formed by?

A

phosphate and deoxyribose

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10
Q

what bases project into the middle of the DNA ladder?

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Thymine (T)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C)
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11
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

splitting of the cytoplasm

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12
Q

what happens during prophase?

A
  • nuclear membrane breakdown
  • chromosomes form
  • mitotic spindles form
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13
Q

what happens during metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell

- mitotic spindle attaches to centromeres

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14
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A
  • centromeres split and chromatids are pulled apart

- single chromosomes are pulled to either end of the cell

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15
Q

what happens during telophase?

A
  • nuclear membrane forms
  • mitotic spindle breaks down
  • chromosomes unravel to form loose chromatin
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16
Q

what is a zygote?

A

when a male sec cell and a female sex cell join together

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17
Q

what must the zygote have to develop normally?

A

it must have 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 in total

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18
Q

what is it called when a cell contains two copies of every chromosome?

A

diploid

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19
Q

what is meiosis?

A

a type of cell division that only occurs in the gonades

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20
Q

what is the definition of epithelial tissue?

A

a sheet of cells that covers a body surface, lines a body cavity or forms glands

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21
Q

what is the definition of connective tissue?

A

binds, supports, protects, insulates and/or transports substances within the body

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22
Q

what is definition of muscle tissue?

A

contracts to create movement of the whole body, skin or of substances within the body

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23
Q

what is the definition of nervous tissue?

A

create and transmits electrical signals allowing communication within the body

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24
Q

epithelia are innervated and avascular - this means what?

A

that they are supplied by nerve fibres, but do not contain blood vessels

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25
Q

what is simple squamous epithelium?

A

a single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm

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26
Q

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • it allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important
  • secretes lubricating substances in serosae (linings of ventral body cavity)
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27
Q

where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A
  • kidney glomeruli
  • air sacs of lungs
  • lining of the heart
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatic vessels
28
Q

what is simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

single layer of tubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei

29
Q

what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

secretion and absorption

30
Q

where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A
  • kidney tubules
  • ducts
  • secretory portions of small glands
  • ovary surface
31
Q

what is simple columnar epithelium?

A

single layer of tall cells with round oval nuclei

32
Q

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  • absorption

- secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances

33
Q

where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A
  • digestive tract
  • gallbladder
  • excretory ducts of some glands
  • uterus
34
Q

what is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

thick epithelium composed of serval cell layers

35
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

36
Q

where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A
  • lining of the oesophagus
  • mouth
  • vagina
37
Q

what describes pseudostraified columnar epithelium?

A
  • formed by a single layer of cells of differing height
  • free surface can have Cilla
  • lines the respiratory and male reproductive tracts
  • secretes mucus
38
Q

what describes transitional epithelium?

A
  • cells change shape as organ fills
  • formed by more than one layer of cells
  • lines the bladder and ureters
  • prevents large increases of internal pressure as the organ fills
39
Q

what is glandular epithelium?

A

cells that are specialised to make and secrete a specific product

40
Q

describe exocrine gland

A
  • secretes its product through a duct onto a body surface or into a body cavity
  • example: a mucus secreting cell in the lining of the respiratory tract
  • example: mammary glands secrete milk via the nipple
41
Q

describe endocrine gland

A
  • secretes its product directly into the blood
  • example: a cell in the stomach wall that secretes gastrin into the blood that controls digestive system function
  • example: the thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone into the blood
42
Q

what are the fibres in connective tissue?

A
  • elastin
  • collagen
  • reticular
43
Q

what is the consistency of extracellular matrix?

A
  • liquid - like the plasma in blood
  • soft - like in adipose tissue
  • firm but flexible - as in cartilage
  • hard - as in bone
44
Q

what are some types of connective tissue?

A
  • blood
  • loose connective tissue
  • dense connective tissue
  • cartilage
  • bone
45
Q

what is blood made up of

A
  • cells
  • fibres
  • matrix
46
Q

what is areolar connective tissue?

A

it is loose connective tissue with a gel like matrix that wraps and cushions organs and holds a large volume of tissue fluid. located under epithelia

47
Q

where can areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue be found in the body?

A
  • under your skin
  • around the kidneys
  • eyeballs
  • abdomen
  • breasts
48
Q

what does reticular connective tissue do?

A

it contains a network of reticular fibres that form a soft internal skeleton inside organs such as lymph nodes and spleen

49
Q

what are dense connective tissue made up of?

A

fibres

50
Q

describe dense regular connective tissue

A
  • forms tendons and ligaments
  • withstands strong pulling forces in one direction only
  • mainly parallel collagen fibres
51
Q

describe dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • resists pulling forces from several directions
  • located in joint capsules, skin dermis and digestive tracts
  • mainly irregularly arranged collagen fibres
52
Q

descrive elastic connective tissue

A
  • allows tissue to recoil after being stretched
  • parallel collagen fibres with large number of elastic fibres
  • located in the walls of large arteries, vertebral ligaments and in large airways
53
Q

describe elastic cartilage

A
  • contains elastic fibres in matrix
  • creates shape with flexibility
  • located in ear and epiglottis
54
Q

describe fibrocartilage

A
  • contains thick collagen fibres
  • located in intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis and knee joint
  • strong and resists compression
55
Q

describe hyaline cartilage

A
  • supports, reinforces, acts as a cushion
  • forms the skeleton in embryos
  • covers the end of long bones
  • joins the ribs to the sternum
  • creates the shape of the nose, trachea and larynx
56
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
57
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A
  • branched muscle cells
  • located in the heart
  • propels blood through blood vessels
  • striated
  • usually uninucleate
  • involuntary
58
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A
  • attached to bone and skin
  • creates facial expressions
  • long parallel muscle fibres
  • moves the body
  • multinucleate
  • striated
  • voluntary
59
Q

describe smooth muscle

A
  • found in the walls of hollow organs
  • not striated
  • propels substances through body passages
  • spindle shaped cells
  • uninucleate
  • involuntary
60
Q

what does nervous tissue consist of?

A
  • your brain, spinal cord and nerves
61
Q

what do neurons do?

A

they are nervous tissue cells that create and transmit electricity

62
Q

what does Glial cells (neuroglia) do?

A

it supports the neurons

63
Q

describe membranes

A
  • they cover the body surface and line body cavities

- they are formed by a continuous sheet of epithelial cells supported by a layer of connective tissue

64
Q

describe cutaneous membrane

A

keratinised membrane that covers the outside of the body

65
Q

describe mucous membranes/mucosae

A

wet membrane that lines body cavities open to the outside of the body

66
Q

describe serous membranes/serosae

A

wet membranes that line body cavities that are not open to the outside of the body

sem 1 bn test 2 (6 decks)

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