integumentary system & homeostasis

Question 1

what is the function of the integumentary system?

Answer 1

• body temperature regulation
• protection
• sensation
• excretion
• vitamin D synthesis
• metabolism
• blood reservoir

Question 2

what is homeostasis?

Answer 2

it is a dynamic state of balance of the body internal environment

Question 3

how much does your skin weight?

Answer 3

4-5kg

Question 4

what does epidermis consist of?

Answer 4

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

what does dermis consist of?

Answer 5

areolar and dense irregular connective tissue

Question 6

describe keratinocytes

Answer 6

• the most common cell type
• create a physical, tough waterproof barrier
• create and accumulate keratin

Question 7

describe melanocytes

Answer 7

cells that produce and secrete the pigment melanin

Question 8

describe dendritic cells

Answer 8

• parts of the immune system

- decrees and consume foreign substances

Question 9

describe merkels cells

Answer 9

tactile cells involved in your sense of touch

Question 10

what is stratum corneum?

Answer 10

• most superficial layer
• 20-30 layers of dead cells
• waterproofing glycolipid between cells

Question 11

what is stratum lucidum?

Answer 11

clear layer found in thick skin only

Question 12

what is stratum granulosum?

Answer 12

• 1-5 layers of flattened cells
• cells start to degenerate
• cells contain granules

Question 13

what is stratum spinosum?

Answer 13

• several layers thick gives skin strength and flexibility

- cells joined together by desmosomes

Question 14

what is stratum basale?

Answer 14

a single layer of stem cells where mitosis occurs and cell differentiation starts here

Question 15

what is epidermis?

Answer 15

• stratified squamous epithelium
• mainly keratinocytes
• where melanin is produced
• has five layers called strata

Question 16

what is dermis?

Answer 16

• dense irregular connective tissue
• contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
• glands and hair follicles dip down into this layer
• arealoar connective tissue
• two layers - papillary and reticular layer

Question 17

what is hypodermis?

Answer 17

• insulation + protection of deeper structures
• under the skin
• adipose tissue

Question 18

what are sweet glands called?

Answer 18

sudoriferous glands

Question 19

describe ceruminous glands

Answer 19

• lining of the external ear canal

- produces cerumen (ear wax) which helps to deter insects and block entry to foreign material

Question 20

describe mammary glands

Answer 20

they make up the glandular tissue in the breast and secrete milk during breastfeeding

Question 21

oil glands are also known as what?

Answer 21

sebaceous glands

Question 22

describe eccrine sweat glands

Answer 22

• produces a watery secretion
• involved in thermoregulation
• palms, soles, forehead
• secrete into a pore on the skins surface

Question 23

describe apocrine sweat glands

Answer 23

• secretion in response to androgens
• secrete into a hair follicle -
• produces a watery secretion that contains some fats and proteins
• stimulated by pain, stress and sex
• screen gland
• axillary + anogenital regions

Question 24

describe sebaceous glands

Answer 24

• produces an oily secretion
• larger on the face, neck and chest
• softens and lubricates hair
• secreted in response to androgens
• reduces water loss from skin
• secrete into a hair follicle

Question 25

what are the functions of the skin?

Answer 25

1. regulation of body temperature
2. protective layer
3. sensation
4. metabloc functions
5. excretion
6. blood reservoir

Question 26

what is the average body temperature ?

Answer 26

37 degrees C

Question 27

which two organ system allows communication between body organs and coordination of their functions?

Answer 27

endocrine and nervous system

Question 28

describe the 7 steps in maintaining homeostasis

Answer 28

1. stimulus - change inside or outside of the body
2. receptor ducts change
3. rector send input to control centre
4. control centre receive input and determines on response
5. output message/instructions sent to effector
6. effector changes function
7. changes in body function restores homeostasis

Question 29

how is homeostasis maintained by?

Answer 29

by negative feedback loops. in negative feedback loop the initial stimulus is reserved

Question 30

when your temperature increases, how does the body cool itself?

Answer 30

vasodilation of the capillaries in the skin causing us to sweat to cool our body down

Question 31

when your temperature decreases, how does your body warm itself?

Answer 31

vasoconstriction of the capillaries diverted to deeper tissue minimising overall heat loss - shivering to protect heat loss

Question 32

explain why thermoregulation is describe as being controlled by a negative feedback loop

Answer 32

because when your temperature increases, body changes happen that causes the temperature to decrease and vis versa

Question 33

what is the initial stimulus that causes oxytocin to be secreted?

Answer 33

stretching of the cervix

Question 34

what is an example of a positive feedback loop?

Answer 34

labor, blood clotting and milk let down

Question 35

which endocrine gland secretes the hormone oxytocin?

Answer 35

posterior pituitary gland