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Grade 11 Science > Mitosis, Meosis and Abnormal Genetics > Flashcards

Mitosis, Meosis and Abnormal Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

The Cell Theory

A

1) all living things are composed of one or more cells
2) cells are the smallest unit of living organisms
3) new cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division

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2
Q

why do cells reproduce

A

growth, repair, replace

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3
Q

sexual reproduction

A

production of offspring from union of two sex cells
genetic makeup is different from each parent

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4
Q

asexual reproduction

A

production of offspring from single parent
genetic makeup is identical to parent

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5
Q

spindle fibres

A

microtubules extending from pole to pole in the cell. Responsible for separating.

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6
Q

centromere

A

bead-like structure linking chromatids together and attaching them to spindle fibres

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7
Q

centrioles

A

a pair of cylindrical organelles only found in animal cells. Responsible for making spindle fibres

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8
Q

chromatin

A

uncoiled DNA

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9
Q

chromosome

A

coiled DNA

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10
Q

chromatid

A

one copy of duplicated chromosomes. Identical sister chromatids are joined by centromere

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11
Q

interphase

A

G1 –> cell grows and carries out normal functions
S –> DNA is replicated
G2 –> cell continues to grow and prepare for divison

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12
Q

mitosis

A

genetic material is divided into two genetically identical daughter cells

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13
Q

prophase

A
  • centrioles move to opposite poles
  • spindle fibres form and attach to centromeres of the chromosome
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14
Q

metaphase

A
  • chromosome (sister chromatids) line up in the middle of the cell
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15
Q

anaphase

A
  • spindle fibres pull the chromatids apart and move the identical chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell
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16
Q

telophase

A
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • spindle fibres dissolve
  • nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes
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17
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • cytoplasm divides making two physically seperated cells
    animal cells - pinches in
    planet cells - cell plate forms which becomes a cell wall
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18
Q

Body Cells

A

humans have 46 chromosomes in their body (diploid number - 2n)
after cell division cells undergo differentiation to specialize in different functions

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19
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

contain same genes but may have different variations

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20
Q

meiosis

A

form of cell divison that allows for sexual reproduction

21
Q

genetic reproduction

A

produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes (haploid)

22
Q

genetic recombination

A

the products of meiosis have different genetic combinations than the parents do

23
Q

gametes

A

male and female reproductive cells

24
Q

zygote

A

male and female gametes fuse together (sperm + ova)

25
prophase I
- homologous chromosomes condense and pair up (synapsis) - paired up is called a tetrad - chromosomes then exchange DNA (crossing over)
26
metaphase I
- homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
27
anaphase I
-homologous pairs separate and get pulled to either pole by the spindle fibres - still found as two sisters chromatids
28
telophase I
- homologous chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell - spindle fibres disappear
29
meiosis II
- same as mitosis - outcome 4 haploid daughter cell
30
genetic variation
genetic variation in offspring occurs because of two processes - crossing over - independent assortment
31
crossing over
- during prophase I the homolopous chromosomes pairs are in close proximity to one another - each gene on one pair of sister chromatids is lined up with the other gene on the joining sister chromatids - this allows them to exchange segments of DNA
32
independent assortment
during metaphase I how the chromosomes in each homologous pair (tetrad) line up and separate in metaphase I occurs by chance
33
gamete formation in animals (male)
- the products of meiosis are haploid gametes - in males the spermatogonia reproduces by mitosis and then meiosis starting at puberty - following meiosis II, sperm cells undergo a final step of development stages to become mature
34
spermatogensis
processes of producing sperm in males
35
oogensis
processes of producing sperm in females
36
gamete formation in animals (female)
- the oogonia reproduces by mitosis before birth. they begin meiosis but stop at prophase I - each month after puberty, one cell completes meiosis. however the cytoplasm is unequally distributed and only one cell matures not 4 - the final stages of meiosis II are not completed unless the egg is fertilized
37
multiple births
more than one egg released - fraternal (non identical twins) single zygote splits in first few days - identical twins
38
comparing mitosis and meiosis
mitosis - growth, repair, maintence - somatic / body cells - 1 divison - 2 identical diploid cells (2n) meiosis - produce gametes, genetic variation - reproductive/sex cells - 2 divisons - 4 different haploid cells ( 4 sperm cells or 4 egg cells)
39
non - disjunction
- the failure of homologous chromosomes pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis - occurs during anaphase I or anaphase II - produces gametes with too many or too few chromosomes
40
monosomy
loss of chromosomes
41
trisomy
gain an extra chromosomes
42
down syndrome
characteristics (trisomy 21) - intellectual disabilities - almond shape eyes - flattened face
43
edward
characteristics (trisomy 18) - intellectual and physical disabilities - early death
44
patau
characteristics (trisomy 13) - intellectual and physical disabilities - defective organs - large triangular nose - early death
45
klinefelter
characteristics (xxy chromosomes) - inability to produce sperm - breast swelling
46
turner
characteristics (xo chromosomes) - female appearance - short - webbed neck - sexually undeveloped
47
prenatal testing
genetic testing performed on a fetus
48
two common prenatal testing procedures
non vasive - blood tests, ultrasound (information on physical & chromosomal abnormalities) invasive - collecting DNA by amniocentesis (take sample from fluid) or chronic villus sampling (take sample from placenta)

Grade 11 Science (10 decks)

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