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Science > mitosis + meiosis + cell cycle > Flashcards

mitosis + meiosis + cell cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name the 4 phases of cell cycle

A

g1, synthesis, g2,m (mitosis)

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2
Q

which phase does the cells size increase

A

g1

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3
Q

which phase does the number of cells increase

A

m, they split

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4
Q

what is cancer

A

uncontrolled growth of cells, something in the cycle goes wrong (skips the growth part of the cycle)

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5
Q

which phase takes the longest

A

g1 (11 hours)

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6
Q

how can mistakes affect phase g1

A

no growth - no more cells can be made

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7
Q

how can mistakes affect phase s (synthesis)

A

cells won’t bond together

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8
Q

how can mistakes affect phase g2

A

there could be problems during mitosis

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9
Q

how can mistakes affect phase m (mitosis)

A

no other cells will be made

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10
Q

how can mistakes affect phase g0

A

bad, damaged cells will keep producing

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11
Q

describe interphase

A

dna has replicated, chromatin, membrane in tact

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12
Q

describe prophase

A

dna has shortened to condense into chromosomes, nuclear membrane and nucleolus not visible

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13
Q

describe metaphase

A

fibers attach to the centromeres of chromosomes, they align at metaphase plate

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14
Q

describe anaphase

A

spindle fibers shorten and centromere, separated sister chromatids,startsbeingpulled along

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15
Q

describe telophase

A

chromosomes reach the poles, spindle fibers descend

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16
Q

describe cytokinesis

A

last stage of mitosis, splits in half, furrows form, identical to parent cell

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17
Q

which phase of the cell cycle is the longest

A

interphase

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18
Q

which phase of the cell cycle is the shortest

A

telophase/cytokinesis

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19
Q

how many divisions of the cell and nucleus are in meiosis

A

2

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20
Q

what event takes place during interphase

A

growth and preparation for future stages

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21
Q

what two structures make up a single replicated chromosome

A

sister chromatids

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22
Q

when chromosomes forms a pair, what are they called?

A

tetrad

23
Q

what stages of meiosis are haploid?

A

telophase 1

24
Q

what stages of meiosis are diploid

A

metaphase 1 prophase anaphase

25
Q

in meiosis 1 what structures separate during anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes

26
Q

in meiosis 2 which structures separate during anaphase 2

A

sister chromatids

27
Q

describe the cells at the end of meiosis 2

A

the cells have one copy of half of the genetic info in the original cell

28
Q

what is the name given to the cells produced at the end of meiosis 1 in males

A

secondary spermatocyte

29
Q

what is the name given to the cells produced at the end of meiosis 1 in females

A

oocyte

30
Q

at the end of meiosis in males, what cells are produced

A

spermatids

31
Q

what do spermatids eventually become

A

mature sperm

32
Q

what ploidy is a zygote

A

diploid

33
Q

what are the points called where the homologous pairs crossover

A

chiasma

34
Q

what phrase is used to describe the chromatids after crossing over takes place and the homologous pairs separate

A

recombinant chromatids

35
Q

homologous chromosomes def.

A

pairs of chromosomes, same size and shape and carry the same genes. (may carry different versions of genes called alleles)

36
Q

where does meiosis go on

A

testes and ovaries - animals
anthers and ovules - floweing plants

37
Q

diploid v haploid

A

diploid cells (2n) carry two copies of each chromosome, haploid cells (n) carry one copy of each chromosome, human diploid cells have 46 chromosomes; haploid cells (gametes) have 23

38
Q

describe 1st meiotic division

A

homologous chromosomes pair up to form bivalents…tetrads, homologous chromosomes swap portions of chromatid at the chiasmata, homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase 1

39
Q

describe 2nd meiotic division

A

4 cells produced at the end of telophase 2 (haploid gametes)

40
Q

meiosis 1 - interphase

A

dna is replicated, each chromosome duplicates to become 2 sister chromatids, but hey are loosley coiled tonot visible yet

41
Q

meiosis 1 - phrophase 1

A

nuclear envelope disintegrates, chromosomes start to become visible because the coil, shorten and thicken (condense), centrioles begin to make spindle fibres to move the chromosomes around, homologous pair up to form tetrads, they cross over

42
Q

meiosis 1 - metaphase 1

A

tetrads move to the centre of the cell along protein tubules called spindle fibers, they line up on the equator of the spindle fibres

43
Q

meiosis 1 - anaphase 1

A

spindle fibers contract and pull the chromosome pairs apart

44
Q

meiosis 1 - telophase 1

A

chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell, the cell divides into 2

45
Q

meiosis 2 - prophase 2

A

chromosomes relax then condense again, a second set of spindle fibers forms at right angles to the spindle fibers in the first division

46
Q

meiosis 2 - metaphase 2

A

chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle fibers

47
Q

meiosis 2 - anaphase 2

A

spindle fibers contract, centromeres split, and chromatids are pulled apart

48
Q

meiosis 2 - telophase 2

A

chromosomes arrive at the poles of each cell, each cell divides into 2, four sex cells (gametes) are made

49
Q

describe binary fission

A

cells grow to double their size and divide to form two cells

50
Q

describe cellular differentiation

A

when a cell matures and develops, the unspecialized cells become specialized to execute a specific function (blood cells,skin cells, wtc.)

51
Q

are cells identical after mitosis

A

yes

52
Q

are cells identical after meiosis

A

no (goes from 46 to 23)

53
Q

what does crossing over increase

A

genetic variance

54
Q

yayy

A

yayy

Science (10 decks)

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