Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Developmental Biology Lecture > Mitosis & Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis & Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic continuity between generations of cells and between generations of sexually reproducing organisms is maintained through the processes of mitosis and meiosis, respectively.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

An organism’s DNA, with its arrays of genes, is organized into
structures called

A

Chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When cells are not undergoing division, the genetic material making up chromosomes unfolds and uncoils into a diffuse network within the nucleus, generally referred to as

A

Chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

an outer covering that defines the cell boundary and delimits the cell from its immediate external environment

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

provides biochemical identity at the surface of cells

A

Glycocalyx or cell coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

act as recognition sites that transfer specific chemical signals across the cell membrane into the cell

A

Receptor molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

an amorphous component where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and where the initial stages of ribosomal assembly occur.

A

Nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

portions of DNA that encode rRNA are collectively referred to as the

A

nucleolus organizer region, or the NOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The remainder of the eukaryotic cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus, is referred to as

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the cytoplasm, a nonparticulate, colloidal material referred to as the _______ surrounds and encompasses the cellular organelles.

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

provides a lattice of support structures within the cell

Consisting primarily of microtubules, which are made of the protein tubulin, and microfilaments, which derive from the protein actin

this structural framework maintains cell shape, facilitates cell mobility, and anchors the various organelles.

A

Cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

compartmentalizes the cytoplasm, greatly increasing the surface area available for biochemical synthesis.

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The ER appears smooth in places where it serves as the site for synthesizing _______ and ______

A

fatty acids
phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

serve as sites where genetic information contained in messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated into proteins.

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

are the sites of the oxidative phases of cell respiration. These chemical reactions generate large amounts of the energy-rich molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

are associated with photosynthesis, the major energy-trapping process on Earth.

A

Chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In some organisms, the centriole is derived from another structure, _________

A

the basal body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Each chromosome contains a constricted region called the ________, whose location establishes the general appearance of each chromosome.

A

centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chromosomes are classified as _____, ______, ______, or _______ on the basis of the centromere location.

A

metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, or telocentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mitotic chromosomes have been photographed, cut out of the print, and matched up, creating a display called a ________

A

karyotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Collectively, the genetic information contained in a haploid set of chromosomes constitutes the _____ of the species.

A

genome

22
Q

Gene sites are called

A

locus (loci)

23
Q

inheritance from two parents

A

biparental inheritance

24
Q

alternative forms of the same gene

A

Alleles

25
Q

single-celled fertilized eggs

A

zygotes

26
Q

Nuclear division

A

Karyokinesis

27
Q

cytoplasmic division

A

Cytokinesis

28
Q

the initial stage of the cell cycle, as the interval between divisions.

A

interphase

29
Q

period, during which DNA is synthesized, occurs before the cell enters mitosis and is called the

A

S phase

30
Q

the time spent in each interval of one complete cell cycle of a human cell in culture.

A

Hours
5 - G1
7 - S Phase
3 - G2
1 - Mitosis

Mitosis mins.
36 - Pro
3 - Met
3 - Ana
18 - Tel

31
Q

Cells that enter ___remain viable and metabolically active but are not proliferative.

A

G0

32
Q

Sister chromatids are held together by a multi-subunit protein complex called

A

cohesin

33
Q

_______, is the midline region of the cell, a plane that lies perpendicular to the axis established by the spindle fibers.

A

metaphase plate

34
Q

________, an assembly of multilayered plates of proteins associated with the centromere.

A

kinetochore

35
Q

Once properly attached to the spindle fibers, cohesin is degraded by an enzyme, appropriately named ______,

A

separase

36
Q

protects cohesin from being degraded by separase at the centromeric regions.

A

Shugoshin

37
Q

The microtubules most directly responsible for chromosome migration make contact with, and adhere to, kinetochores as they grow from the centrosome region.

A

kinetochore microtubules

38
Q

the shortest stage of mitosis

A

Anaphase

39
Q

The cell plate laid down during telophase becomes a structure called the

A

Middle lamella

40
Q

Many mutations are now known that exert an effect at one or another stage of the cell cycle. First discovered in yeast, but now evident in all organisms, including humans, such mutations were originally designated as ________

A

cell division cycle (cdc) mutations

41
Q

The normal products of many of the mutated genes are enzymes called ______that can add phosphates to other proteins.

A

kinases

42
Q

Each synapsed pair of homologs is initially called a ________

A

bivalent

43
Q

As prophase I progresses, each pair of sister chromatids within a tetrad is seen to pull apart. However, one or more areas remain in contact where chromatids are intertwined. Each such area, called a __________

A

chiasma (pl., chiasmata)

44
Q

◉ basic unit of heredity

A

Gene

45
Q

◉ threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell

A

Chromosome

46
Q

set of hereditary information encoded in the DNA of an organism, including both the protein-coding and non–protein-coding sequences

A

Genome

47
Q

○ Transmission of traits from generation to generation

A

Heredity

48
Q

○ Genetic differences between organisms

A

Variation

49
Q

Substages of prophase I

A
  1. Leptonema = Chromosomes begin to condense
  2. Zygonema = Homologous pairing (Synapsis)
  3. Pachynema = Homologous chromosomes fully paired (Crossing over)
  4. Diplonema = Homologous chromosomes separate except at chiasmata
  5. Diakinesis = further condensation and attach to spindle fibers
50
Q

Uncoiled DNA found in the nucleus

A

Chromatin

51
Q

What causes the cleavage furrow in animal cells to constrict?

A

Actin filaments

52
Q

Which cell during oogenesis must be fertilized by a sperm if it is to become a mature egg?

A

Secondary oocyte

Developmental Biology Lecture (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions