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Developmental Biology Lecture > INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the process by which organs grow and develop

synonymous with ontogeny

A

Developmental Biology

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2
Q

CONCERNS OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

A
  1. Changes with time on life scale
    - Ontogenetic development
    - Embryogenesis
  2. Changes in form and function
    - “Morphogenesis”
    - Biochemistry
  3. Integrative and Eclectic
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3
Q

WHY IS DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY IMPORTANT?

A
  1. Can help in sustaining food resources (SDG 1 & 2)
  2. Developmental defects in humans are very abundant (SDG 3)
  3. Asks fundamental questions at the level of whole organisms, organs, or tissues (SDG 3)
  4. Developmental Biology-related research is a generator of new ideas and concepts
  5. Reaches across the different levels of biological complexity and explanation
  6. Makes strategic use of animal models
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4
Q

Specific questions scrutinized by developmental biologists

A

Differentiation (ex. Pax6 gene)
Pattern formation (ex. Zebrafish)
Morphogenesis
Growth
Reproduction
Environmental Integration
Regeneration
Evolution

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5
Q

The ultimate stem cell

A

Zygote - a fertilized egg

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6
Q

A historical approach to embryology that uses experimental methods to study the development of embryos

A

Classical embryology

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7
Q

process by which the presence of one tissue influences the development of others

A

Induction

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8
Q

How do our cells know when to stop dividing?

A

when they receive chemical signals from other cells, or when their telomeres shorten to a critical length

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9
Q

How come our arms are are
generally the same size on both
sides of the body?

A

Hox genes

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10
Q

How is cell division so tightly
regulated?

A

Cyclins and CDKs
Cell checkpoints

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11
Q

Chemicals that disrupt normal development

A

Teratogens

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12
Q

Why some organisms can
regenerate every part of their
bodies?

A

Stem cells

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13
Q

the study of how environmental factors and behaviors can change gene activity without altering DNA sequences

A

Epigenetics

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14
Q

one of the first to allude to the
concept of preformationism

A

Hippocrates

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15
Q

a theory that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves

Embryonic structures are preformed within the gamete
(either egg or sperm)

A

preformationism

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16
Q

Credited with 1st notions on embryology
“On the generation of animals”
Studied embryos of different organisms

A

Aristotle

17
Q

embryonic structures arise anew from the interaction of substances within the gametes

A

Epigenesis

18
Q

Visualized epigenesis of embryonic germ layers

studied the chick embryo

A

Christian Pander

19
Q

father of Modern Embryology

described notochord, discovered mammalian egg, proposed 4 laws of development

A

Karl Ernst von Baer

20
Q

________ gene is an important tillering/branching-related transcription factor gene that regulates tillering by integrating environmental and developmental cues

A

teosinte branched 1 (tb1)/CYC

21
Q

2 major accomplishments in development

A
  1. Differentiation - unicellularity to multicellularity
  2. Ensuring continuity of life
22
Q

Specific questions scrutinized by developmental biologists

A

Differentiation
Pattern formation
Morphogenesis
Growth
Reproduction
Environmental Integration
Regeneration
Evolution

23
Q

a birth defect that causes the complete absence of one or more limbs

A

Amelia

24
Q
  1. The more general characters of a large group appear earlier in the embryo than the more special characters.
  2. From the most general forms the less general are developed, and so on, until finally the most special arises.
  3. Every embryo of a given animal form, instead of passing through the other forms, rather becomes separated from them.
  4. Fundamentally, therefore, the embryo of a higher form never resembles any other form, but only its embryo.
A

Baer’s Laws

25
Q

Experimental Approaches

A

Defect experiments
Isolation experiments
Recombination experiments
Transplantation experiments

26
Q

is a DNA sequence found within genes that regulates developmental processes in animals, fungi, and plants.

A

Homeobox

27
Q

are an evolutionary highly conserved gene family. They determine the anterior-posterior body axis in bilateral organisms and influence the developmental fate of cells.

A

Hox genes

28
Q

DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES—— THROUGH CELLULAR INTERACTION

A

Cell signaling
Cell proliferation
Cell Movement

29
Q

COMMON CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING A GOOD MODEL SYSTEM

A
  1. Size
  2. Feasibility of genomic interrogation
  3. Generation time
  4. Organism type & genetic position
  5. Embryo accessibility
  6. Ease of experimental manipulation
30
Q

a chemical signal that controls how tissues develop and which cell types are in what positions

A

Morphogen

31
Q

Origins of plant embryos

A

Egg cell
Microspore
Somatic cell
Callus cell = cells that cover a plant wound

Developmental Biology Lecture (2 decks)

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