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M2M Biochemistry and molecular biology > Mitosis and the Cell Cycle LO > Flashcards

Mitosis and the Cell Cycle LO Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the point of the restriction point (R)?

A

cell must be large enough to move to the next stage (S)

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2
Q

What happens once the cell passes the R phase?

A

cell is committed to cell cycle

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3
Q

what is the main goal of somatic cell cycle?

A

ensure exact duplication of genome in S phase followed by exact division of genome in M phase to produce identical daughter cells

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4
Q

how is regulation accomplished throughout the cell cycle?

A

variation in cyclin concentrations regulate activation of CDKs which in turn regulate formation of pre-replication complex (pre-RC)

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5
Q

what is the level of CDK at start of G1?

A

low to allow formation of pre-replication complex (pre-RC)

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6
Q

what is level of CDK activity at S?

A

high, allows activation of pre-RC

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7
Q

what does high CDK activity do to pre-RC formation?

A

blocks it

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8
Q

what is the level of CDK in M phase?

A

high, to allow for cell replication

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9
Q

what does chromosome re-replication complexes in S phase or mis-segregation during mitosis produce?

A

cancer and birth defects

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10
Q

what is aneuploidy?

A

incorrect number of chromosomes in a cell

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11
Q

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis in regards to the numbers and types of cells created?

A 
mitosis = 2 identical diploid cells
meiosis = 4 non-identical haploid cells
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12
Q

what are the 6 phases of mitosis?

A
  1. interphase
  2. prophase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
  6. cytokinesis
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13
Q

what occurs during interphase?

A

cell growth

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14
Q

what occurs during prophase?

A

chromatin condenses

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15
Q

what occurs during metaphase?

A

chromosome line up at metaphase plate

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16
Q

what occurs during anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite ends of cell

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17
Q

what occurs during telophase?

A

new nuclear membrane surrounds each sister chromatid

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18
Q

what occurs during cytokinesis?

A

cell divides into 2 diploid cells

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19
Q

what occurs in meiotic prophase?

A

chromosomes replicate resulting in 2 homologous chromosomes

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20
Q

when does crossing over take place?

A

during meiotic prophase when sister chromatids are formed

21
Q

what occurs during meiosis I?

A

homologs are separated into 2 cells (reductional division)

22
Q

what occurs during meiosis II?

A

each pair of sister chromatids separated into different cells resulting in 4 haploid cells (equational division)

23
Q

what types of cells are stuck in the R point of the cell cycle?

A

neurons, and then continue to grow without entering the cell cycle

24
Q

what is a CDK?

A

cyclin-dependent kinase

25
Q

what are CDK’s activated by?

A

cyclins

26
Q

what are CDK’s inhibited by?

A

Cip/Kip or Ink4 classes of CDK inhibitors

27
Q

what are 4 common cell cycle regulators that are commonly associated with cancer?

A
  1. retinoblastoma protein (rb)
  2. p21 or p16
  3. mitogens
  4. CDK’s and cyclins
28
Q

what is the function of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and what is result of mutation?

A

cell cycle inhibitor, loss of Rb leads to tumors

29
Q

what is the function of p21 or p16?

A

Cip.Kip and Ink4 CDK inhibitors respectively (loss of them results in cancer)

30
Q

what is function of mitogens?

A

growth factor

31
Q

what happens if there is an increase of mitogens?

A

increased cell proliferation possibly leading to cancer

32
Q

what is function of CDK and cyclins?

A

cell cycle activators

33
Q

what happens when there are increased levels of CDK and cyclins?

A

increased cell proliferation

34
Q

what is the cell cycle checkpoint in G1?

A

monitors cell size and damage to cell

35
Q

what is cell check point in G2?

A

checks for damage of new DNA

36
Q

what is the cell checkpoint during mitosis?

A

spindle formation

37
Q

what is the mechanism of a cell cycle checkpoint?

A
  1. damage detected by sensor
  2. transducers relay information to effectors through a signaling cascade
  3. effectors arrest cell cycle until damage is remedied
38
Q

where is information immediately relayed to when cell damage is found?

A

ATM and ATR

39
Q

what type of cell damage is ATM specific to?

A

double strand breaks

40
Q

what type of cell damage is ATR specific to?

A

non-specific

41
Q

what is the pathway in cell cycle arrest involving BRCA2?

A

ATM and ATR relay information to BRCA2 which activates Chk1 or Chk2.

42
Q

what does the BRCA2 pathway ultimately lead to?

A

cell cycle arrest, production of repair enzymes, or activation of p53

43
Q

what molecule is p53 activated by in damaged cells?

A

Chk2

44
Q

what is the pathway of cell cycle arrest that does not involve BRCA2?

A

direct activation of p53 which activates CDK inhibitor p21 leading to cell cycle arrest

45
Q

what happens in S phase?

A

chromosome synthesis (replication) occurs

46
Q

what occurs in M phase?

A

chromosome segregation

47
Q

what happens in G1 and G2 phases?

A

gap phases before S and M phase. Cell regulation occurs in these phases. G1 contains restriction point (R)

48
Q

how is retinoblastoma protein (Rb) deactivated?

A

phosphorylation by CDK phosphorylation

M2M Biochemistry and molecular biology (19 decks)

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