Mitosis and Meiosis

Question 1

Polar microtubules

Answer 1

Overlap in the midline and are responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apparatus apart

Question 2

Bilvalent

Answer 2

A pair of homologs held together by chiasmata

Question 3

Chiasmata

Answer 3

Positions where chromosomes touch and crossing over occurs

Question 4

Pseudoautosomal region

Answer 4

Matching sequence on the X and Y chromosome that allows for crossing over

Question 5

Kinetochore microtubules

Answer 5

Responsible for pulling the sister chromatids of each chromosome apart

Question 6

Sister chromatids

Answer 6

Two identical strands of a replicated chromosome joined by the centromere

Question 7

2 forms of genetic reassortment

Answer 7

Crossing over

Independent assortment

Question 8

Mendel’s law of Segregation

Answer 8

Gametes contain only one homologous chromosome and therefore one gene for each trait

Question 9

Chromosomes

Answer 9

Rod shaped structures of condensed nucleic acid material

Question 10

Nondisjunction

Answer 10

Failure of two chromosomes in a pair to disjoin during anaphase of cell division (both go into 1 daughter cells)

Question 11

Karyotype

Answer 11

Organized picture of chromosomes

Question 12

Centrioles

Answer 12

Located in the centrosome and produces the microtubules

Question 13

4 genetic counsequences of meiosis

Answer 13

Reduction in chromosome number
Segregation
Independent assortment
Crossing over

Question 14

Spindle apparatus

Answer 14

Network of filaments overall responsible for separating chromosomes during cell division

Question 15

Stages of cell cycle

Answer 15

G1 > S > G2 > M

Question 16

Centrosome

Answer 16

Organelle that is the primary microtubular organizing center that splits and forms the spindle apparatus

Question 17

Mendel’s law of Independent Assortment

Answer 17

Chromosomes are inherited independently from other chromosomes

Question 18

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 18

A pair of chromosomes inherited from different parents and generally carry the same genes in the same order but do not have the same DNA sequence

Question 19

Centromere

Answer 19

Constriction on a chromosome at which the sister chromatids are held together

Question 20

Kinetochore

Answer 20

Protein structure on the centromere to which the spindle fibers attach

Question 21

Astral microtubules

Answer 21

Radiate in all directions and aid in the spindle orientation immediately before mitosis

Question 22

4 important steps of prophase

Answer 22

1. Chromosome condensation begins
2. Less/highly condensed regions form
3. Each chromosome contains 2 strands of DNA connected by centromere
4. Centromeres divides and migrate to opposite poles of the cell

Question 23

3 important steps in prometaphase

Answer 23

1. Disruption of nuclear envelope into membrane vestibles
2. Spindle mictotubules enter nuclear region
3. Kinetochore mature and attach to the kinetochore microtubules

Question 24

4 important steps of metaphase

Answer 24

1. Nuclear membrane disappears
2. Chromosomes become maximally condensed
3. Kinetochore microtubules align chromosomes at equitorial plate midway between the poles of the cell
4. Polar microtubules begin to associate in preparation for anaphase

Question 25

4 important steps of anaphase

Answer 25

1. Centromeres abruptly separate 2. Each sister chromatid is pulled to opposite pole by shortening of kinetochore microtubules 3. Polar microtubules elongate, pushing the spindle apparatus further to cell pole 4. The arrival of the chromosomes at the spindle pole marks the end of anaphase

Question 26

4 important steps in telophase

Answer 26

1. Spindle apparatus begins to decondense 2. Polar microtubules elongate, further separating the two poles 3. Nuclear envelop begins to form around aggregated chromosomes at each pole of the cell 4. Chromosomes decondense and nucleoli reappear

Question 27

List of metacentric chromosomes

Answer 27

``` 1 2 3 19 20 ```

Question 28

List of submetacentric chromosomes

Answer 28

``` 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 16 17 18 X ```

Question 29

List of acrocentric chromosomes

Answer 29

``` 13 14 15 21 22 Y ```

Question 30

Uniparental disomy

Answer 30

Both chromosomes are inherited from one parent