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9th grade > Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

cell division

A

the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells (mitosis and meiosis)

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2
Q

M-phase

A

The phase where cellular division (mitosis) happens

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3
Q

S-phase

A

When DNA is copied to prepare for division

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4
Q

Interphase

A

Stage during which a cell grows and develops into a functional cell, and prepares to divide by duplicating DNA

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5
Q

What stages is Interphase divided into?

A

Gap 1, synthesis, and Gap 2

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6
Q

Centromere

A

The part of a chromosome that attaches two sister chromatids and that spindles attach to

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7
Q

sister chromatids

A

structures that contain identical copies of DNA

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8
Q

1 chromatid comes from ____ and 1 from _____ in meiosis

A

mom and dad

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9
Q

Prophase

A

The first and longest stage of mitosis

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10
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

The nuclear membrane temporarily disappear
Chromatins condenses into visible chromosomes
The spindle fibers attach to the centromere and move to opposite poles
Kinetochores appear (tracks)
Chromosomes begin to move toward the center

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11
Q

Metaphase

A

The 2nd stage of mitosis

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12
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle toward the center cell and line up.
The chromosomes in the MIDDLE are visible

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13
Q

Anaphase

A

The 3rd stage of mitosis

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14
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Chromosomes are split in the middle and are pulled by the spindles to opposite poles.

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15
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at poles and 2 new nucleuses reappear

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16
Q

Cytokinesis

A

By which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, also dividing organelles, resulting in 2 cells with identical nuclei

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17
Q

spindle fibers

A

The ropes that will attach to the centromere and help separate the chromosomes

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18
Q

Cell plate

A

The structure that forms between the 2 daughter nuclei in plant cells (occurs in cytokinesis)

19
Q

tumors

A

masses of cells that form when there is uncontrolled growth and division of cells (form cancer)

20
Q

differentiation

A

The process in which an unspecialized cell develops into a specialized cell with a defined structure and functions

21
Q

Does differentiation occur in unicellular organisms?

A

No

22
Q

True or false: all cells are the same during early development and differentiate as the organism develops

A

True!!!

23
Q

Stem cell

A

A type of cell that can be directed to become a specialized cell (they don’t have a job yet)

24
Q

What happens in Prophase I that doesn’t happen in mitosis’s prophase?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair, then cross over to exchange genetic info (the genes randomly swap places)

25
Q

Does genetic variation occur in meiosis?

A

YES!!

26
Q

nondisjunction

A

cell division during which sister chromatids fail to separate properly

27
Q

What can nondisjunction lead to?

A

Genetic disorders

28
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

29
Q

How does apoptosis happen?

A

The lysosomes open, allowing the acid to escape and destroy the cell

30
Q

As a cell becomes larger, what happens to the volume and its surface area?

A

its volume increases and the ratio of surface area to volume decreases

31
Q

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

A

Genetic variation

32
Q

When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase

33
Q

What happens in Gap 1?

A

growing, doing normal functions, preparing to replicate DNA

34
Q

What happens in synthesis?

A

DNA is replicated

35
Q

What happens in Gap 2?

A

Preparing to divide nucleus

36
Q

What are the two main stages of cell division called?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

37
Q

Does cancer affect unicellular or multicellular organisms?

A

Multicellular because the tumors attack multiple cells.

38
Q

What has cancer lost the ability to control?

A

The amount of times the cell replicates without stopping.

39
Q

What is the end product of Meiosis I?

A

2 diploid (46 chromosomes) non-homologous cells

40
Q

What is the end product of Meiosis II?

A

4 non-homologous haploid (23 chromosome) cells are produced

41
Q

What cells does meiosis form?

A

Gametes (egg and sperm)

42
Q

When does quality control happen?

A

After each phase

43
Q
A

9th grade (10 decks)

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