miti Flashcards

Question

Endoscopic Resection of (Pre-)Neoplastic Tissue

Answer 1

 Forceps Biopsy  Snare Polypectomy  Endoscopic Mucosal Resection  Endoskopic Submucosal Dissection  Endoscopic Full Thickness Resection  (Lymphnode Dissection) (invasiveness increases to downward)

Answer 2

Ind: Cough, infection, unusual x-ray Use cases: Software based nodule identification and automated segmentation of 3D airway trees * Virtual path planning previous to the procedure * Navigation during the procedure * Visualization of the biopsy attempts and needle trajectories

Answer 3

* More precise positioning of catheters with sub-mm measurements * Easier control, as no sterile dressing is needed for the physician * Improved ergonomics for the physician but * Currently no assisted navigation * No force sensing or feedback technology * Higher costs

Answer 4

Indirect Control: * Joystick * Head Control * Voice Control * Color Tracking * Instrument Tracking Direct Control * Eye Tracking increased degree of automation downwards

Answer 5

diagnostics bronchoscopy biopsy sampling endovascular interventions

Answer 6

handing of surgical gloves handing of suturing material adjustment of medical devices

Answer 7

navigating is difficult limited space cables all around ethical legal concerns

Answer 8

compelxity of surgery is too high every patient is different legal ethical concernd sensing in a dynamic environment is hard robustness reliability

Answer 9

Adv Real time examination Point-of-care diagnostic (portable, bed-side) Lower in cost No use of harmful ionizing radiation Disadv No retropective evaluation of examination Limits on field of view (behind bone/ air) Need for patient cooperation Dependence on physician Difficult reproducability

Answer 10

High frequency -> high resolution -> less penetration Low frequency -> less resolution -> more penetration

Answer 11

Continuous Wave-Doppler: - Separate transmission and reception of ultrasound - Region of interest is determined by the overlap of the transmit and receive ultrasound beams Pulsed Wave-Doppler: - same element for transmit and receive - Region of interest is determined by depth and lenght of the gate

Answer 12

diagnositcs - A-Mode, B-Mode, 3D/ 4D-Ultrasound - Elastography Therapy - Lithotripsy - Surgery - Electrotherapy - Phacoemulsification - Thrombolysis - Dental

Answer 13

Shadowing Translocation Enhancement Mirroring

Answer 14

dissection Fast heating of tissue Increase of intracellular pressure Explosively rupture of cell walls Separation of tissue coagulation Slow warming of tissue Vaporization of intra- und extracellular fluids Shrinking of tissue Coagulation

Answer 15

Crest-Factor = k = Umax/Ueff = Ratio of peak values to the effective value Ideally the top layer of the surface is shrunk slowly without further penetration Coagulation increases with crest factor

Answer 16

helps to separate the tissue without damage avoid tissue gets wed or get in touch with blood

Answer 17

explosions pacemaker nerve irritations current leakage

Answer 18

You need a mentor who is an expert in his or her field. Individual ‘masters’ use different techniques for one and the same procedure.

Answer 19

 Prepare the morning visitation  Present cases in tumor panels  Schedule dates  Check lab parameters  Check patient files  Manage emergencies  Write documentation  Care wounds  Assist in surgies few time for practice and training

Answer 20

- Several types of surgical procedures are distributed among different centers. - ‘Simple’ cases occur less frequently in educating hospitals, as they are increasingly performed in a out-patient setting. - High specialization of hospitals has led to a ‘narrowing of training’. - Big Problem: Much time between individual surgeries → rather no learning effect → little routine!

Answer 21

In-vitro trainers * Cheap * Portable * Reusable * No risks of infection * Cannot be used to simulate entire sophisticated open surgical procedures * Only simulation of basic tasks * Haptics are not comparable with real organs

Answer 22

* True anatomy * Practice entire operations * No operation that cannot be simulated * Haptics of real human organs * Very expensive. * Cadaver can usually only be used once * Risk of infection * Difficult to organize * Ethical discourse / governmental regulation * (patients’ consent needed!)

Answer 23

* Reusable * Does not require any great preparations * Recording of events during surgery * Lots of minimally invasive scenarios * Very expensive * No realistic haptics * Focus on minimally invasive surgery * Hardly possible to convey motor skills

Answer 24

Sensors Preprocessing Feature extraction Analysis Model Deployment

Answer 25

Patient Data Device Data LaparoscopyVideo Room Video Audio AdditionalParameter

Answer 26

Early Fusion * Combining (concatenation, pooling, etc.) multiple input modalities into one feature vector before feeding into a machine learning model * Type 1: Fusion of the original features * Type 2: Fusion of extracted features Joint Fusion (using neural networks) * Merge learned feature representations from intermediate layers and features from other modalities * Difference from early fusion: loss is propagated back to the feature extracting neural networks * Type 1: Feature extraction using neural networks of all modalities * Type 2: Feature extraction only partially using neural networks Late Fusion * Decision-level fusion: using predictions from multiple models to make a final decision * Aggregation functions are used to combine predictions from multiple models: * Averaging * Majority voting * Weighted voting * Meta-classifier