Miscellaneous from 2021 Deck Flashcards
You are the MOH of a large urban health unit. You have just been informed that an unknown contaminant was accidentally introduced into a batch of beers at a craft brewery. The batch of beers was shipped out two weeks ago. List steps that you would take to reduce the public risk.
Initiate a food safety investigation and recall process
CFIA process
- Conduct a product safety investigation
- Conduct a health risk assessment
- Initiate a recall process
- Implement the call process
- Inform the public
- Ongoing follow up
- Work collaboratively with provincial and federal stakeholders including the Canadian food Inspection Agency
- Conduct a health risk assessment of the contaminant
- Issue a recall on the contaminated product if required
- Conduct a safety investigation and ensure adequate steps take to prevent ongoing contamination / future contamination
- Inform the public
Describe the three classes of risk that can be assigned for a food recall
Class I (high risk): There is a high risk that eating or drinking the food product will lead to serious health problems or death.
Class II (moderate risk): Eating or drinking the food product will most likely lead to short-term or non-life threatening health problems. The chance of any serious health symptoms is low in healthy populations.
Class III (low and no risk): Eating or drinking the food product will not likely result in any undesirable health effects. This category can include food products that pose no health and safety risk, but do not comply with relevant laws (e.g. a product has more than the allowed level of an additive or preservative).
What are 6 triggers for a food safety investigation?
- Outbreak of illness
- Food test result
- CFIA inspection finding
- Consumer complaint
- Company initiated
- Recall in other country
You are a MHO. You have received a report of 3 children with bloody diarrhea who all attend the same boarding school. List 8 steps that you would take in the management of this report.
- Confirm outbreak and diagnosis
- Consider immediate control measures
- Assemble an outbreak response team
- Establish case definition - PPTLS (standard set of criteria for determining if a person should be classified as part of an outbreak, such as lab diagnosis, symptoms, person, place, and time; may be divided into confirmed, probable, and suspect/possible)
- Identify cases and contacts (line list), and obtain information
Organize data in terms of person, place, and time (descriptive epidemiology)
Define the population at risk
Develop and test hypotheses
Implement control measures: The chosen control strategies should take into account epidemiology, study findings, environmental sampling, and theory; practically, control strategies will also be influenced by jurisdictional authority, legal roles, political sensitivity, timeliness of outbreak detection, interpersonal issues, and available resources
Monitor the response
Summarize in a report
List two types of study designs used in the investigation of food borne outbreaks, provide an example of when you would use each type, provide the measure of association you would calculate.
Retrospective cohort study. Useful when small, well-defined population, such as an outbreak of gastroenteritis among wedding guests for which a complete list of guests is available.
- the investigator calculates an attack rate for those exposed to (e.g., who ate) a particular item and an attack rate for those who were not exposed.
Case- control. Useful when attempting to determine cause of outbreak in large poorly defined population. For example, much larger number of salmonella cases observed in a health unit than normal for that time period.
Case-patients and a comparison group of persons without disease (“controls”) about their exposures.
Your outbreak investigation identifies two plausible food exposures that may have resulted in the outbreak. What are three factors that suggest a particular food item is the source of an infection is a gastroenteritis outbreak?
The attack rate is high among those exposed to the item.
The attack rate is low among those not exposed, so the difference or ratio between attack rates is high.
Most of the case-patients were exposed to the item, so that the exposure could “explain” or account for most, if not all, of the cases.
You are conducting an investigation of 14 members of the general public who have all developed Verotoxin producing e.coli. You have determined that you will do a case control study to identify a potential exposure. List three ways that you might identify controls.
- In a community outbreak, a random sample of the healthy population is the best control group
Alternative include
- Neighbours of case-patients
- Patients from the same physician practice or hospital who do not have the disease in question,
- Friends of case-patients who they have not recently seen
What are 8 organisms that can be transmitted through meat?
- Staph Aueus
- Brucellosis
- E.coli
- Salmonella
- Campylobacter
- Trichella
- Listeria
- Toxoplasmosis
What are 4 organisms that can be transmitted through unpasteurized milk?
Salmonella
E. coli
Listeria
Campylobacter
Brucellosis
Cryptosporidium
What are four categories of hazards that can be found in food. list an example for each
Biological - presence of bacteria such as e.coli
Physical - presence of foreign bodies from food processing or contamination. Ex, small glass fragmenets
Chemical - mercury found in marine animals through bioaccumulation
Allergenic Hazards - contamination with an allergen containing food such as peanuts
List 5 types of chemical hazards that can be present in food
Mycotoxins
Natural Toxins
Marine Toxins
Environmental Contaminants
Food Additives
Processing-induced chemicals
Pesticides/Agricultural Products and
Veterinary Drug Residues
You are a MOH and are reviewing the annual budget for your health unit. List 4 steps you would take in preparing the budget for review by your board of health
gather information
understand each line item
predict the future (revenues and expenditures)
review the results
finish the budget
add assumptions
check numbers
present
Describe three types of budgeting strategies?
- Zero based budgeting (bottom up) - New budget is based on the justification of the expense, regardless of the amount budgeted in previous years (i.e., no base taken into account)
- Incremental budgeting (historical) - New budget is the product of incremental, small changes to the previous budget
- Marginal Analysis
a) review and analyze budget for each program area
b) identify programs that could cut funding without significant loss in function
c) identify programs that could improve substantially with more funding
d) allocate money from b to c
What are three functions of a budget?
- Transparency and accountability (Performance Monitoring)
- Prioritization and planning (Decision Making)
- Control and monitoring of spending (Accounting)
Name 5 types of validity and describe them
Content Validity - did the study measure the right things? I.e. for depression did it capture all aspects of depression or just some?
Construct Validity - did the study accurately measure the things it wanted to study
Criterion Validity - how well does the test compare to an established measure or predict the desired outcome. E.g. does a score on this test accurately predict future smoking
Internal Validity - degree of confidence that the causal relationship being tested is trustworthy and not influenced by other factors or variables.
External Validity - extent to which results from a study can be applied (generalized) to other situations, groups or events.
What organism is resistant to chlorine in water? What method can be used to remove this organism from water?
- Cryposporidium
- Filtration removes crypto oocysts
List 2 ways or reducing exposure to trihalomethanes in water?
- At the source: reduce organic load in water before chlorine is added
- At the tap: charcoal filter
What are the risks associated with recreational water? (ie. beaches, spas, pools)
Physical: injuries, drowning
Microbiological: enteric illness, pseudomonas, legionella
Chemical: skin and mucous membrane irritation due to chlorine
What is the Tobacco Endgame? List 5 measures mentioned in the 2019 Tobacco Endgame report impact tobacco use.
-An initiative with a goal of reducing tobacco smoking prevalence to below 5% by year 2035.
- Increasing tobacco taxation
- Regulating tobacco prices (e.g. set minimum pricing)
- Raising legal age to 21
- Preventing contraband
- Plain and standardized packaging
- Enhancing package health warnings
- Banning flavours
- Expand and systematize tobacco cessation program across community, workplace, and clinic settings
- Tobacco retail reform by restricting tobacco sale to specialty stores
- Expanding smoke-free places (e.g. universities/colleges)
What is the public health argument for vaping?
- Cession - For current smoker, vaping can be useful as a tobacco cessation tool.
- Harm-Reduction -Vaping is less harmful than tobacco smoking because vaping contains fewer number and lower level of harmful chemicals than found in tobacco and tobacco smoke except for nicotine.
What are the public health arguments against vaping?
- Vaping may be a gate-way drug to future tobacco smoking
- Nicotine: Vaping with nicotine-containing liquid can lead to nicotine dependence and addiction, adversely affecting memory and concentration. Children and youth especially susceptible to harmful effect of nicotine as it can alter adolescent brain development (reduced impulse control, cognitive and behavioural problem)
Other chemicals:
- The long term health effects of inhaling chemicals used in vaping liquids such as vegetable glycerin, propylene glycol and chemicals for flavouring are unknown
- The heating process of vaping liquid may create new chemicals such as formaldehydes, which is harmful for health
- Some contaminants (e.g. nickel, tin, aluminum) might also get into the vaping products and then into the vapour.
- Long term health effects of inhaling second-hand vapour are unknown.
What two federal regulations are in place for vaping products?
A) Tobacco and Vaping Products Act (TVPA) - setting minimum legal age to 18, banning sale of youth-appealing vaping products, giving federal gov’t ability to make rules on industry reporting/manufacturing standards/product & package labeling/vaping product promotion/restricting use of certain ingredients and flavours
B) The Food and Drug Act - applying to vaping products that make a health claim (help quit smoking). This includes products that contain nicotine or any other drugs as defined by the FDA. These products must receive an authorization from Health Canada before they can be commercially imported, sold or advertised in Canada.
C) Canada Consumer Product Safety Act - applying to vaping products not making a health claim, regulating manufacturing, importation, advertisement and sale of these vaping products.
D) Non-smokers’ Health Act (NSHA) addresses the issue of second-hand smoke and vapour in federally regulated workplaces (e.g. federal gov’t offices, banks, commercial aircraft, ferries)
What are 3 key observation regarding vaping in the Canadian Tobacco and Nicotine Survey 2019?
1) Vaping is far more prevalent among younger Canadians (aged 15 to 24 years old) with >1/3 of youths aged 15-19 and nearly 1/2 of young adults aged 20-24 surveyed ever trying vaping products.
2) Majoring of users of vaping products have used vaping liquids containing nicotine (~80%)
3) Younger Canadians (15-24 yo) are more likely to vape for recreational purposes with those 25+ much more like to cite tobacco cessation as the main reason for vaping
4) Perceptions of harm vary between users and non-users of vaping products with higher proportion of users perceiving vaping as less harmful than tobacco smoking.
Define non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation. Electromagnetic fields are an example of which type?
Ionizing radiation- radiation with enough energy to remove an electron from an atom
Non-ionizing radiation- Electromagnetic wavelengths that are longer and less energetic than ionizing radiation
EMFs are an example of non-ionizing radiation
What is Kaplan’s criteria and when is it used?
Used when microbiological confirmation of a suspected norovirus outbreak is not possible, the Kaplan Criteria may be applied to determine the likelihood that the outbreak is of viral origin.
These criteria are as follows:
1) a mean (or median) illness duration of 12 to 60 hours,
2) a mean (or median) incubation period of 24 to 48 hours,
3) more than 50% of people with vomiting, and
4) no bacterial agent found.
When all four criteria are present, there is a high likelihood that the outbreak is attributable to norovirus.
List 4 ways federal government excise its power in public health?
The Federal government derives its claims for jurisdiction in public health from its authority over: -International treaties (IHR 2005) -Criminal law -Power to quarantine at ports of entry under the Constitution Act -Tax/Spending power -“Peace, order, and good government” -Special population: Aboriginal/Military/Federal prisons/Refugees -Licensing powers (e.g. patents) -Charter of Rights and Freedoms
List four requirements/ provisions from the international code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes
The Code includes these ten important provisions:
No advertising of products under the scope of the Code to the public.
No free samples to mothers.
No promotion of products in health care facilities, including the distribution of free or low cost supplies.
No company representatives to advise mothers.
No gifts or personal samples to health workers.
No words or pictures idealizing artificial feeding, including pictures of infants on the labels of products.
Information to health workers should be scientific and factual.
All information on use of breastmilk substitutes, including the labels, should explain the benefits of breastfeeding and all costs and hazards associated with artificial feeding.
Unsuitable products such as sweetened condensed milk should not be promoted for babies.
Products should be of a high quality and take into account the climatic and storage conditions of the country where they are used.
What is the goal of the baby friendly initiative?
Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding
in facilities providing maternity and newborn services.
List three major changes between the original BFI steps and the new steps released in 2018.
- Inclusion of compliant with the international code of marketing of breast milk supplements within the 10 steps
- Responsibility of facility is now to facilitate discharge and linkage to community services rather than directly providing community services (breast feeding support groups)
- Now advises counselling mothers on against the use of bottles, teats and pacifiers rather than prohibiting them
What are four policy interventions that can be used to reduce obesity in Canada? Provide an example.
Education - regularly publish and promote information health eating and activity (Canada Food guide)
Economic - modify the cost of food through subsidies so that healthy foods are less expensive and use taxes to make ultraprocessed food more expensive
Service Delivery - improve food offering by governments (jails, schools, military)
Laws - ban certain food types of activities (prohibit marketing of foods to children)
List 6 steps in reproecessing of instruments
- Pre-clean - remove visible soil and transport to reprocessing area
- Disassembly and soaking - soak and pre-treat with enzymatic cleaner
- Cleaning (mechanical) - mechanically remove soil with detergent, clean and flush lumens
- Rinsing and drying
- High-level disinfection or sterilization - if using high-level disinfectant document process parameters, if using steam sterilization document (time temperature pressure)
- Store in transport in manner that avoid damage or contamination
What are four ways that an IPAC lapse can occur in an office based setting?
- Reuse of a single use instrument or piece of equipment
- Improper re-processing of multi-use instrument - did not mechanically clean instrument lumen before high-level disinfection
- Improper storage of correctly processed medical equipment
- Inadequate documentation of processing procedures (i.e. may have correctly following reprocessing but did not record key procedures such as autoclave temperature and pressure or use of biological indicator).
- Mechanical Failure of sterilizer
Due to a series of PH emergencies your health unit is coming in 3 percent over budget. Assuming that no additional revenue is available and there is 3 months left in your fiscal year what are 4 ways that you can have a balanced budget.
Ways to decrease expenditures
- Salary gapping
- Decrease material and supplies budget
- Restructuring (letting individuals go)
- capital asses sales (ex. buildings)
- professional substitution (ex. LPN vs. RN)
- technological efficiencies
You have identified the need to fund a new program aimed at providing a service for an unmet community need. There is currently no dedicated funding in your budget to fund the program. What are three ways you can create room in a budget for a new expenditure?
Decrease costs in another program area
One time Revenue Gain (sale of assets, draw from reserve funds)
Increase regular program funding (apply for funding from funders, increase cost of provided services)
List 4 sources of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation.
cell phone towers, broadcasting towers, cell phones, microwaves, MRIs, high voltage powerlines, WiFi
What is electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome?
Collection of non-specific symptoms experienced by individuals who believe it is a result of RF-EMF.
-headache, dizziness, fatigue, myalgias, rashes, sleep disturbance.
There is currently no evidence to confirm the existence of this syndrome as a medical condition.
What are the steps of integrated pest management?
- Identify and monitor for pests
- Set action thresholds
- Prevention measures
- Control measures
What are the six steps of a situational assessment
- Determine Key Question
- what is the situation, what is making it better/ worse, what actions can you take to address? - Develop Data Gathering Plan
- Gather the data
- Organize and Synthesize the data
- SWOT analyses or force field analyses - Communicate the findings
- Consider how to proceed with planning
What is the purpose of a situational assessment?
Systematic process to gather analyze and communicate data to inform a planning decision
Helps do the following
- Learn about a population of interest
- Anticipate trends and issues that may impact planning / implementation
- Set priorities
- Inform pending decisions
Steps in a health equity assessment
Scoping
Potential impacts
Mitigation
Monitoring
Dissemination
Steps in a health impact assessment
Screening - determining if an HIA is warranted/required
Scoping - determining which impacts will be considered and the plan for the HIA
Identification and assessment of impacts - determining the magnitude, nature, extent and likelihood of potential health impacts, using a variety of different methods and types of information
Decision-making and recommendations - making explicit the trade-offs to be made in decision-making and formulating evidence-informed recommendations
Evaluation, monitoring and follow-up - process and impact evaluation of the HIA and the monitoring and management of health impacts
You receive a report of an individual with a 8mm TST. List 5 pieces of additional information you need to guide management?
HIV Status
Contact of a active TB case in past two years?
Organ transplant
Prior hx of TB
Immune suppressing medications (TNF-alpha)
Child less than 5 years?
You receive a report of a HCW who has a TST of 9mm
a) When does TST conversion occur?
b) Outline two criteria for TST conversion?
a
TST seroconversion occurs within 8 weeks of exposure
b
1) an exposed individual (or high risk) with a TST >10 mm with a prior TST <5
2) if an individual previously had a TST of 5-9mm and the TST increased by 6mm or more
List 5 steps in the policy cycle
Agenda Setting
Policy Formation
Decision Making / Adoption
Implementation
Evaluation
List 5 levels of public participation
Inform - we will keep you updated
Consult - we will listen and acknowledge your ideas
Involve - we will work with you to make sure your ideas are factored into our decision making
Collaboration - we will work together to make decisions
Empower - we will implement what you decide
List Kotter’s 8 steps process for leading change:
Step 1: Create a sense of Urgency
* Examine market and competitive realities
* Identify and discuss crises, potential crises or major opportunities
Step 2: Developing the Guiding Coalition
* Assemble a group with enough power to lead the change effort
* Encourage the group to work as a team
Step 3: Developing a Change Vision
* Create a vision to help direct the change effort
* Develop strategies for achieving that vision
Step 4: Communicating the Vision Buy-in
* Use every vehicle possible to communicate the new vision and strategies
* Teach new behaviors by the example of the Guiding Coalition
Step 5: Empowering Broad-based Action
* Remove obstacles to change
* Change systems or structures that seriously undermine the vision
* Encourage the risk-taking and nontraditional ideas, activities, and actions
Step 6: Generating Short-term Wins
* Plan for visible performance improvements
* Create those improvements
* Recognize and reward employees involved in the improvements
Step 7: Don’t Let Up
* Use increased credibility to change systems, structures and policies that don’t fit the vision
* Hire, promote, and develop employees who can implement the vision
* Reinvigorate the process with new projects, themes, and change agents
Step 8: Make Change Stick
* Articulate the connections between the new behaviors and organizational success
• Develop the means to ensure leadership development and succession
You are asked to Chair a provincial working group to reassess Ontario’s Flu vaccine program.
a) What are the key tasks a Chair must do before, during and after a meeting?
Before Meeting (preparation)
- Define purpose of meeting and who is attending
- Create agenda and assign meeting roles
- Logistics (time, place, background)
During Meeting (facilitation)
- Ensure discussion is clear, concise and respectful
- Ensure start and end time are respected and meeting agenda met
- may review past minutes
Post Meeting (2 tasks Summary/ Delegation & evaluation and reporting)
- Summarize and communicate decisions made, action items, and deadlines
- Evaluate meeting
- Potentially report on meeting results to other organizations or levels within own organization
List 3 Protective Factors against suicide
- Socio-economic situation
› Loving parent-child relationship
› Having reasons for living
› Social connectedness
› Sense of belonging
› Religion
Calculate the population attributable fraction of hypertension to heart disease.
prevalence of obesity = 25%
RR = 2
PAF = (prevalence of exposure)*(RR-1) / 1+numerator
= (0.25)*(2-1) / 1+numerator
= 0.25 / 1+0.25
= 0.25 / 1.25
= 0.2 = 20%
Three main elements of food security
- food utilization
- nutritional value
- social value
- food safety
- food availability
- production
- distribution
- exchanges
- food access
- affordability
- allocation
- preference
List 5 features of hazards that may lead to them being perceived as ‘risky’
Hazard perceived as “risky”
Coerced
Industrial
Exotic
Memorable
Dreaded
Catastrophic
Unknowable
Controlled by others
Unfair
Morally relevant
Untrustworthy sources
Unresponsive process
What are the 5 steps in the policy cycle
Agenda Setting
Policy Formation
Decision Making
Implementation
Evaluation
What are the steps in the emergency preparedness cycle
prevention/ mitigation - Includes any activities that prevent an emergency, reduce the chance of an emergency happening, or reduce the damaging effects of unavoidable emergencies.
preparedness - preparations made to save lives and to help response and rescue operations.
response - save lives and prevent further property damage in an emergency situation
recovery - includes actions taken to return to a normal or an even safer situation following an emergency.
What is the goal of emergency preparedness
reduce or avoid the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to damaged materials, and achieve rapid and effective recovery.
What are three reasons that protazoa could still be present in a water system that has suffered a contamination event (e.g. a water main break resulting in sewage entering the water supply).
- Protazoa are generally present in untreated sewage
- Chlorine does not inactivate protozoa
You have received a report of a 12 year old boy with a 13mm TST and a history of BCG vaccination. What information is required to determine if this represents a latent TB infection?
- When was the BCG vaccine given?
- Has there been a known exposure to TB?
- Is the individual at elevated risk of TB (migrant from high incidence country), Canadian born indigenous or inuit
- what is the risk of disease progression (i.e. immune suppressed, HIV +ve)
If BCG is given in first year of life only 1% have a TST > 10mm 10 years later. A history of BCG vaccination can be ignored in all people 10+ if the TST is greater than 10mm
If BCG is given after first year of life 42% have false positive TSTS > 10 mm after 10 years.
What steroid daily dose equivalent would suppress TB reactivity and make a TST unreliable?
2-4 weeks of 15mg or greater of prednisone
You are interpreting the results of a case control study.
a) What are three advantages of a case control study?
b) What are three disadvantages?
a)
1) Allows you to examine multiple exposures (cohort studies can do this as well)
2) Good for looking at rare outcomes
3) Efficient studies in terms of time and cost
4) Good at looking at diseases with a long induction period (exposure to event takes a long time) as the event has occurred
b)
1) cannot calculate measures of incidence or prevalence
2) information on exposure can be subject to recall or observation bias
3) controls can be subject to selection bias
In the context of a case control study define recall bias related to exposure
The possibility that individuals in the case and control arms have the exact same exposure but might report exposures differently in a systematic way
You are interpreting the results of a case control study. The study reports and odds ratio of 1.9 Interpret this finding
It tells us how much higher the odds of exposure is among cases of a disease compared with controls.
Individuals with the disease had 1.9 times the odds of reporting the exposure of interest compared to individuals without the disease
You are interpreting the results of a cohort study.
a) What are three advantages of a cohort study?
b) What are three disadvantages?
a)
1) Allows you to calculate the incidence of disease in different groups
2) Can examine multiple effects of a single exposure
3) Clarity of temporal sequences of exposure and outcome
4) Can study rare exposures - can ensure that you have sufficient numbers of individuals in your study with the exposure of interest
b)
1) Not good for rare diseases
2) Can be very time consuming and expensive (especially for prospective studies and diseases with long latencies)
3) available data may be of low quality in retrospective studies
4) differential loss to follow up can bias results
Define relative risk in a cohort study and interpret a RR of 3.4
It tells us how much more
likely (or less likely) it is for people exposed to a factor to develop a disease compared to people
not exposed to the factor.
Individuals who were exposed to factor A where 3.4 more times likely to experience outcome X than individuals who were not exposed to factor A.
List 7 of the bradford hill criteria
- Temporal Association
- Strength of association
- Dose response relationshio
- Experimental evidence
- Biological plausibility
- Coherance with established evidence
- Specificity - one exposure one outcome
List 6 ethical considerations from Canada influenza pandemic plan
Transparency / Trust - rationale for decisions should be available to public
Proportionally / least coercive means -restrictions should be essential for risk management and proportionate to the risk
Reciprocity -individuals who face disproportionate impacts (i.e. HCWs or quarantined) should be supported by society to minimize burdens
Stewardship -decisions have been made to achieve the best patient and public health outcomes
Equity and fairness - decisions should minimize health inequities
List 3 reasons to support maintaining the autonomy of the chief public health officer of Canada
- Provide evidence based advice - ability to provide science and evidence based advise to governments without political interference
- Allow Direct Communication to Public: ability to speak directly to citizens on public health issues of concern and engage in advocacy
- Protect Public Health Priorities - PH budget and staff to ensure prioritization and adequate funding.
How can you protect the autonomy of a chief public health officer
- Protected Budget to carry out activities
- Ensure minimum qualifications for candidates
- Create avenue for direct communication with the public
- Protect position from dismissal without cause - consider having a fixed term
- Report to an appropriate level of government or be independent
- Mandatory information sharing / participation.
Give four artifactual reasons why you might note a change in a reported health problem
Change in disease definition (different blood pressure cut off for hypertension)
Change in screening recommendations or program delivery (prostate cancer screening)
Increased public or care provider awareness (a case of active TB in a northern community)
New more sensitive test for disease available (i.e. a new PCR test replaces an older culture based method)
Decreased stigma of patient self reporting disease (i.e. cannabis use disorder post legalization)
Decreased stigma of provider documenting disease (i.e. depression)
List 6 recommendations related to detection and treatment of hypertension in Canada according to CHEP
The use of standardized measurement techniques and validated equipment is recommended for all blood pressure (BP) methods.
BP should be assessed in all adult patients at all appropriate visits to determine cardiovascular risk and monitor antihypertensive treatment.
Target Organ Damage (TOD) should be assessed in patients with hypertension. Presence of any of the following would put a patient into the moderate-to-high or high-risk categories for therapy.
Individuals should be engaged in conversation about health behaviour changes and informed on how life style adjustments can help to lower their BP.
In patients without a specific indication start individuals on first line treatments.
Patient follow up every 3-6 months to monitor active modifications. For patients with BP not at target, visits every 1-2 months are recommended
According to hypertension Canada what are the BP treatment targets for a high, medium and low risk patient
High < 120 / NA
DM2 < 130 / 80
Low risk < 140 / 90
What are the major complications of measles and their probability of occurence?
- 1/5 individuals get hospitalized
- 1/10 individuals develop pneumonia
- 1 / 1000 develop encephalitis and can lead to permanent brain damage in children
- 1-3/1000 children will die
- Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (1/10,000)
You are the MOH of local health unit. You receive a call that batch of vaccine was exposed to temperature variation. What four pieces of information would you collect to determine the viability of the vaccine?
1) Information on type and history of vaccine exposed (type, manufacturer, expiry date, prior cold chain breaches).
2) How long were the vaccines exposed to the temperature variation (date and time of breach)?
3) What was the temperature variation? (<2 and >8 degrees celcius generally problematic)
4) How certain is the data on the temperature breach (i.e. frequency of monitoring and method)
- Cause of the breach?
- Current temperature inside and outside the fridge
- Volume of inventory exposed to brach
- Point of breach (transport vs storage)
You are the MOH of local health unit. You receive a call that batch of vaccine was exposed to temperature variation. Outline how you will approach this situation
1) Isolate the impacted vaccine and do not use until cleared to do so
2) Gather information including
- date and time of breach
- date and time breach was identified / reported
- point of breach (i.e. transportation, storage)
- Cause of breach
- duration of breach
- extend of breach (max / min temp)
- quantity and type of inventory
- current temperature
3) Risk assessment including consultation with relevant provincial body and manufacturer
4) identification and notification of patients exposed to breach if required for recall / revaccination
List 4 interventions to reduce the harms related to gun violence.
Education - school based violence prevention programs
Enforcement - registration and license requirements to purchase guns; ban on private handgun ownership
Economics - pricing of guns and ammunition
Engineering - gun safety technology (eg. locks)
Name one Policy framework and describe its element
Kingdom’s Multiple Stream Framework
- Problem Stream where a problem needs solutions
- Policy Stream where policies alternatives are debated by a policy community.
- Political Stream, where power comes into play (three elements= national mood, interest groups, government)
- When all three streams align, a policy window opens presenting an opportunity for a policy advocate to push their solution or raise awareness of their problem.
