miscellaneous diseases Flashcards
pathophysiology of horner’s syndrome
disruption in the sympathetic nerve supply to the eye
name a malignant cause of horner’s syndrome
pancoast tumour
what is a pancoast tumour and where is it found
non-small cell lung carcinoma located at the superior sulcus of the lungs
name some other causes of horner’s syndrome
stroke
carotid artery dissection
multiple sclerosis
classic triad associated with horner’s syndrome
ptosis, myosis and anhidrosis (on the affected side of the face)
what is ptosis
partial drooping of the upper eyelid
what is miosis
constricted pupil (with preserved light reaction)
what is anhidrosis
loss of sweating
what is a sign of congenital or long-standing horner’s syndrome
heterochromia
name some investigations that may be done in horner’s
- chest X-ray- looking for an apical lung tumour
- MRI or CT head- for acute stroke or malignancy
- Carotid angiography or ultrasound- if dissection is suspected
what is neuropathic pain
pain generated within the nervous system
name some common causes of neuropathic pain
shingles
surgery/trauma
diabetic neuropathy
amputation
how is neuropathic pain described
burning, shooting, tingling, increased sensitivity
what is allodynia
pain from a stimulus that is not normally painful
what is hyperalgesia
more pain than expected from a painful stimulus
name some drugs that can be used to manage neuropathic pain
amitriptyline, gabapentin, duloxetine, pregabalin
what is broca’s aphasia caused by
lesion in the dominant inferior frontal gyrus
what is wernicke’s aphasia caused by
lesion in dominant superior temporal gyrus
describe broca’s aphasia
non-fluent, good comprehension, patients are unaware of deficit
describe wernicke’s aphasia
fluent, poor comprehension, patients are aware of deficit
