miscellaneous disease

Question 1

what are the 2 types of trauma associated with PTSD and give an example

Answer 1

type 1 trauma - single incident e.g. an injury or accident
type 2 trauma - complex e.g. ongoing abuse

Question 2

which area of the brain triggers the fight or flight response in fear processing

Answer 2

amygdala

Question 3

what happens to pre-frontal cortex activity in response to fear and what is the consequence of this

Answer 3

decreases activity - leading to impulsivity, difficulty controlling reactions and poor decision making

Question 4

what are the main clinical features of PTSD

Answer 4

intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative alterations in mood and cognition, arousal and reactivity symptoms

Question 5

first line management for PTSD

Answer 5

trauma based CBT
EMDR in severe cases

Question 6

paranoid personality disorder

Answer 6

pervasive and enduring pattern of irrational suspicion and mistrust of others

Question 7

features of paranoid personality disorder

Answer 7

hypersensitivity to criticism, reluctance to confide, unfounded beliefs about conspiracies against themselves

Question 8

what is schizoid personality disorder

Answer 8

enduring pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

Question 9

clinical presentation of schizoid personality disorder

Answer 9

pervasive lack of interest in or desire for interpersonal relationships
emotional coldness or detachment
few (if any) close relationships

Question 10

what is schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 10

chronic pattern of impaired social interactions, distorted cognitions and perceptions and eccentric behaviours

Question 11

clinical presentation of schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 11

peculiar or eccentric behaviour, odd thinking and speech, more intact grasp on reality than patients with schizophrenia

Question 12

what is antisocial personality disorder

Answer 12

pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

Question 13

clinical presentation of antisocial personality disorder

Answer 13

lack of empathy, engage in manipulative and impulsive actions
aggressive, unremorseful behaviour

Question 14

name a condition that predisposes children to develop antisocial personality disorder

Answer 14

conduct disorder

Question 15

who can be diagnosed with a personality disorder

Answer 15

adults over 18 !!!

Question 16

what is borderline personality disorder

Answer 16

recurring pattern of abrupt mood swings, unstable relationships and self-image instability

Question 17

what is splitting in borderline personality disorder

Answer 17

relationships fluctuate between extremities of idealisation and devaluation

Question 18

clinical presentation of borderline personality disorder

Answer 18

self harm common
inability to control temper and manage affective responses

Question 19

what is another name for borderline personality disorder

Answer 19

EUPD - emotionally unstable personality disorder

Question 20

what is histrionic personality disorder

Answer 20

attention seeking behaviours and exessive displays of emotion

Question 21

clinical presentation of histrionic personality disorder

Answer 21

inappropriate sexual behaviours
tend to be shallow, dramatic and often exaggerated
perceive relationships to be more intimate than they are

Question 22

what is narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 22

persistent pattern of grandiosity, a strong need for the admiration of others and a marked lack of empathy

Question 23

what is avoidant personality disorder

Answer 23

intense feelings of social inadequacy, fear of rejection and hypersensitivity to criticism

Question 24

what is dependent personality disorder

Answer 24

pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behaviour

Question 25

what is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Answer 25

an excessive preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control (often at the expense of flexibility, openness and efficiency)

Question 26

how is obsessive compulsive personality disorder different to OCD

Answer 26

not associated with recurrent, intrusive thoughts or rituals

Question 27

how do we define intellectual disability

Answer 27

IQ < 70

Question 28

what is ekbom's syndrome

Answer 28

delusional belief where a patient fells that they are infested with parasites

Question 29

what is othello syndrome

Answer 29

strong delusional belief that their spouse or partner is unfaithful

Question 30

what is folie a deux

Answer 30

delusion shared by 2 or more people

Question 31

what is de clerembault's syndrome

Answer 31

delusion of being the object of love

Question 32

name some genetic causes of ID

Answer 32

fragile X, downs syndrome, patau syndrome, edwards syndrome, prader-willi

Question 33

name some prenatal causes of ID

Answer 33

in utero exposure to alcohol, tobacco and prescribed or illicit drugs

Question 34

name a drug which may cause ID in a child if the mother is taking it prenatally

Answer 34

sodium valproate

Question 35

what are TORCH infections

Answer 35

infections that can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her unborn baby

Question 36

name the TORCH infections

Answer 36

toxoplasmosis, others (hep B, syphilis, herpes zoster), rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex

Question 37

name some "at birth" causes of ID

Answer 37

prematurity, late delivery, hypoxic brain injury

Question 38

name some early childhood causes of ID

Answer 38

head injuries pesticide and heavy metals exposure malnutrition

Question 39

what psychometric assessment is commonly used to identify patients with ID

Answer 39

wechsler adult intelligence scale

Question 40

who is effected by Kleinfelder's syndrome

Answer 40

males ONLY

Question 41

characteristics of Kleinfelder's syndrome

Answer 41

sparse body hair, small/undescended testes, gynaecomastia, long lower limbs - taller than average

Question 42

genetics of Kleinfelder's syndrome

Answer 42

XXY

Question 43

who is affected by turners syndrome

Answer 43

women ONLY

Question 44

genetics of turners syndrome

Answer 44

XO - one of the X chromosomes is (partially) missing

Question 45

clinical features of turners syndrome

Answer 45

short, widely spaced nipples, webbed neck, amenorrhoea

Question 46

genetics of edwards syndrome

Answer 46

trisomy 18

Question 47

characteristics of edwards syndrome

Answer 47

receding chin, small low set ears, rockerbottom feet

Question 48

genetics of patau syndrome

Answer 48

trisomy 13

Question 49

prognosis of patau syndrome

Answer 49

90% die in the first year of life

Question 50

what is the most common trisomic genetic condition

Answer 50

downs syndrome

Question 51

name a risk that is associated with with the development of downs syndrome

Answer 51

increased maternal age

Question 52

genetics of cri du chat

Answer 52

deletion of short arm of chromosome 5

Question 53

distinctive characteristic of cri du chat

Answer 53

high pitch wailing cry

Question 54

genetics of angelman syndrome

Answer 54

deletion of maternal copy of chromosome 15

Question 55

genetics of prader-willi syndrome

Answer 55

deletion of paternal copy of chromosome 15

Question 56

genetics of DiGeorge syndrome

Answer 56

microdeletion in chromosome 22

Question 57

inheritance seen in phenylketonuria and pathophysiology

Answer 57

autosomal recessive mutation in PAH gene leads to an accumulation of phenylalanine to toxic levels in the blood - affects the nervous system

Question 58

how is phenylketonuria diagnosed

Answer 58

postnatally with the guthrie test (heel prick)

Question 59

mainstay of management for phenylketonuria

Answer 59

dietary restriction of phenylalanine