Miscellaneous

Question 1

Beauchamp & Childress’ Principles

Answer 1

Autonomy (free will)
Beneficence (good for others)
Non-Maleficence (do no harm)
Justice (fair distribution of benefits/risks/costs)

Question 2

What is a conceptus

Answer 2

Fertilisation to 3 weeks

Question 3

What is a Embryo

Answer 3

4 to 8 weeks

Question 4

What is a foetus

Answer 4

Week 9 to birth

Question 5

Gameotogenesis?

Answer 5

Formation of Germ cells

Question 6

Fertilisation?

Answer 6

Formation of Zygote

Question 7

Cleavage?

Answer 7

Rapid cell division

Question 8

Gastrulation?

Answer 8

Formation of germ layers

Question 9

Morphogenetic

Answer 9

Folding of embryo

Question 10

Ectoderm

Answer 10

Produces skin and nervous system

Question 11

Mesoderm

Answer 11

Produces organs

Question 12

Endoderm

Answer 12

Produces lining of gut & lung bud

Question 13

Cell cycle?

Answer 13

G0 - Cells resting
G1 - cells ready to replicate
S phase - Replication
G2 - growth
M phase - Mitosis

Question 14

Variation caused by:

Answer 14

Crossing over

Segregation of homologous chromosomes

Question 15

Meiosis

Answer 15

1 diploid to 4 haploids

Question 16

Metacentric chromosome

Answer 16

Both arms same length

Question 17

Chromosome is Acrocentic

Answer 17

P arm difficult to see

Question 18

Chromosome is telocentric

Answer 18

Centromere at terminal end

Question 19

Aneuploudy

Answer 19

Monosomy - chromosome missing

Trisomy - additional chromosome

Question 20

Monosomy of sex chromosomes

Answer 20

Turners syndrome

Question 21

Trisomy of chromosome 21

Answer 21

Down’s

Question 22

FISH?

Answer 22

Prove that applies fluorescent stain making chromosome visible

Question 23

Autosomal dominant

Answer 23

1 faulty copy required, 50% chance of inheritance

Question 24

Autosomal recessive

Answer 24

2 faulty copies required, 25% chance of inheritance

Question 25

Mitochondrial

Answer 25

Disease passed from mother

Question 26

Oncogenes

Answer 26

Promote cell division

Question 27

Tumour suppression genes

Answer 27

Inhibit cell division

Question 28

Gram +ve stain:

Answer 28

Purple (due to thick peptidoglycan layer)

Question 29

Gram -be stain:

Answer 29

Pink (due to thin peptidoglycan layer)

Question 30

Exotoxins

Answer 30

Produced by gram +ve

Question 31

Endotoxins

Answer 31

Produced by gram -ve

Question 32

Streptococci

Answer 32

Gram +ve chains

Question 33

Staphylococci

Answer 33

Gram +ve clusters

Question 34

Classifying different streptococci

Answer 34

Haemolytic test Alpha (partial) - strep. Pneumoniae, viridans Beta (full) - Group A and B Gamma (none) - enterococcus

Question 35

Left shift oxyhaemoglobin curve

Answer 35

Reduced 2,3 DPG, Hypo...., alkalosis, CO poisoning

Question 36

Right shift oxyhaemoglobin curve

Answer 36

Hyper.... acidosis, sickle cell didease