Miscellaneous

Question 1

Carbamazine

Answer 1

• anti-epileptic

- Carbamazine binds to voltage-gated Na channels

Question 2

Anti-epileptic

Answer 2

• Suppress seizure activity
• Same mech for producing analgesia
• Reduces cell membrane excitability and decreases the release of NTs

Question 3

NMDA receptor antagonists

Answer 3

receptors are pre and post synaptic, in the brain and spinal cord.
-NMDA activation: Hyperalgesia and chronic pain development, wind up and central sensitization and memory of pain.
Thus block this all!

Question 4

Gabapentin (and pregabalin)

Answer 4

Suppress glutamate and substance P and possibly modulate GABA receptors (binds to alpha2delta subunit of voltage gated Na channels)
-post op pain, neuropathic pain, acute pain.

Question 5

Ketamine (Vetalar)

Answer 5

NMDA receptor antagonist,
racemic mixture (S enantomer = better analgesic)
-Inhibits polysynaptic actions of the excitatory NTs Ach and L-glutamate in SC.
-inhibits NMDA receptors in CSN (non competitive)
-somatic pain only, can be used preventivally

Question 6

Amantadine

Answer 6

NMDA receptor antagonist

• developed to treat parking sons or antiviral.
• can be used for chronic pain in dogs and cats

Question 7

Tiletamine

Answer 7

NMDA receptor antagonist.

Question 8

Tramadol

Answer 8

weak mu opioid receptor activity and serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Question 9

Amitriptyline

Answer 9

5HT/NE reuptake inhibitor

• behavioral modification
• some NMDA receptor antagonism

Question 10

Clomipramine

Answer 10

5HT and NE reuptake inhibitors

• behavior mod.
• sedation side effects
• lots of drug interacts

Question 11

Normal articular cartilage

Answer 11

proteoglycans composed of GAGs chondroitin, chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulphate are attached to hyaluronate forming a proteoglycan aggregate.
-feathery structure

Question 12

adequan

Answer 12

PSGAGs

-disease modifying osteoarthritis drug

Question 13

Cartrophen (sodium pentosan polysulfate)

Answer 13

PSGAGs

-disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs

Question 14

Oral chrondroprotectives

Answer 14

PSGAGs

• glucosamine
• chrondroitin

Question 15

chondroitin 4 sulfate

Answer 15

mammal PSGAG. Binds to collagen, increasing resiliency and h20 holding properties of cartilage.

Question 16

Hyanuronan (hyaluronate/hyaluronic acid)

Answer 16

• normally in synovial fluid
• non sulfinated GAG
• anti inflamm. properties
• directly chondroprotective

Question 17

Manganese ascorbate

Answer 17

• essential trace element
• essential cofactor in synthesis of GAGs
• limiting factor in cartilage and synovial fluid synthesis.

Question 18

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)

Answer 18

• enhances the structural integrity of CT, reduces scar tissue by altering the cross links that contribute to scar formation
• anti-inflamm and pain reducing properties maybe (nutraceutical)

Question 19

Dimethylglycine (DMG)

Answer 19

• nutraceutical
• “performance enhancer”
• claim: improve lactic acid metabolism (reduce lactic acid levels post exercise in study)
• raises seizure threshold.

Question 20

Glycoflex 3

Answer 20

Glycoflex (perna canaliculus mussel + sea cucumber) + glucosamie + MSM
-anti-inflamm (PGE)/anti oxidant activity