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Miscellaneous Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A Nanohybrid is usually of less than ___ in size,

A

8 nm

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2
Q

The half-life of Carbon-14 (C-14) is approximately ______ years.
Calcium-41= Half-life: Rare long-lived radioisotope of calcium with a
half-life of _______ year

A

5,730
99,400

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3
Q

Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) is a___________

A

phenomenon where the electrical resistance of a material changes when subjected to a magnetic field

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4
Q

Geological Survey of India (GSI)
discovered vanadium from the
_____________
___________ is a
primary source of the
element (88% of the
world’s vanadium is extracted from it)
and is formed when molten lava cools
rapidly.

Symbol “V” and the atomic number
___

(Does not react with water or oxygen at room temperature)

_____ is the world’s largest exporter of vanadium (one-fourth of total
exports).
* Followed by Russia and South Africa

_________, Maharashtra and _______ are major states with vanadium
reserves

A

Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat
Titanomagnetite
23
Brazil

Karnataka
Odisha

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5
Q

N type and P type semiconductors

A

P type semiconductors have holes that means they lack electrons and N type electrons have extra electrons

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6
Q

The ________ Effect is the sudden expulsion of magnetic fields from a material when it transitions to the superconducting state at its critical temperature.

Discovered by ____________ in 2011.

A

Meissner
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

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7
Q

What is superconductivity?
A) The ability of a material to conduct electricity with some resistance
B) The ability of a material to conduct electricity with zero resistance
C) The ability of a material to conduct electricity with high resistance
D) The ability of a material to conduct electricity only at high temperatures

At what temperature does a material typically exhibit superconductivity?
A) Room temperature
B) Below freezing point
C) Above 100°C
D) Below its critical temperature (Tc)

What is the Meissner Effect in superconductivity?
A) The sudden increase in resistance when a material becomes superconducting
B) The sudden expulsion of magnetic fields from a superconducting material
C) The increase in conductivity at high temperatures
D) The decrease in conductivity at low temperatures

A

Correct Answer: B) The ability of a material to conduct electricity with zero resistance

Correct Answer: D) Below its critical temperature (Tc)

Correct Answer: B) The sudden expulsion of magnetic fields from a superconducting material

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8
Q

What is the Chiral Bose Liquid State?
a) A new state of matter discovered by physicists in the USA and China.
b) A liquid state found in everyday environments.
c) A state of matter formed at high temperatures.
d) A solid state with regular crystalline structure.

How is the Chiral Bose Liquid State created?
a) By heating two layers of special material.
b) By bringing two layers of special material close together at extremely low temperatures.
c) By applying high pressure to a single layer of material.
d) By subjecting a single layer of material to intense radiation.

A

A
B

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9
Q

What is the main goal of the Nanophotonic Electron Accelerator (NEA)?
a) To create a new state of matter.
b) To generate electricity from accelerated electrons.
c) To produce high-energy photons for communication purposes.
d) To utilize accelerated electrons in targeted medical treatments for cancer.

How does the NEA operate?
a) By generating a magnetic field to slow down particles.
b) By creating a vacuum to prevent particle collisions.
c) By accelerating particles using sound waves.
d) By creating a magnetic field to accelerate particles.

A

D
D

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10
Q

What is the Standard Model of Particle Physics?
a) A model describing the behavior of atomic nuclei.
b) A framework explaining fundamental particles and their interactions.
c) A theory explaining the formation of stars and galaxies.
d) A model describing the behavior of light and sound.

How many fundamental matter particles are included in the Standard Model?
a) 6
b) 12
c) 24
d) 36

A

B
B

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT a category of fundamental matter particles in the Standard Model?
a) Quarks
b) Leptons
c) Bosons
d) Neutrinos

Which force is NOT accounted for in the Standard Model of Particle Physics?
a) Electromagnetic force
b) Strong force
c) Weak force
d) Gravitational force

Which of the following is NOT one of the four fundamental forces recognized by physicists?
a) Strong force
b) Weak force
c) Gravitational force
d) Magnetic force

A

D
D
D

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12
Q

_________ are elementary particles that combine to form protons and neutrons, which are the building blocks of atomic nuclei.
_______ include particles like electrons, which are not affected by the strong force that binds quarks together

A

Quarks
Leptons

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13
Q

What is the role of the Higgs boson in particle interactions?
a) It carries the force experienced by particles when they move through an energy field.
b) It emits photons to facilitate particle interactions.
c) It repels particles to prevent them from interacting.
d) It creates a barrier to prevent particle decay.

A

A
Higgs bosan explains why other particles gain masa

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14
Q

Discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of
effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.
Awardees: The prize was given to _______ and _______

A

Katalin Karikó
Drew Weissman

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15
Q

What are some of the concerns associated with in vitro transcribed mRNA vaccines?
a) Instability and difficulties in delivery.
b) Excessive protein production.
c) Lack of immune response.
d) Shortage of nucleoside bases.

Why is synthetic mRNA perceived as foreign by cells?
a) Due to its stability in the body.
b) Because it undergoes chemical changes after entering the body.
c) Because it lacks chemical modifications present in mammalian cell mRNA.
d) Because it is less efficient in protein production.

What was the breakthrough discovery made by Karikó and Weissman regarding mRNA?
a) They identified chemical modifications in synthetic mRNA.
b) They developed a new delivery system for mRNA vaccines.
c) They discovered a way to stabilize in vitro transcribed mRNA.
d) They identified chemical modifications in mammalian cell mRNA.

What are some applications of the discovery made by Karikó and Weissman?
a) Improved efficiency of protein production.
b) Rapid development of vaccines with broad applicability.
c) Reduction in inflammatory responses to all vaccines.
d) Development of traditional vaccines

A

A
C
D
B

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16
Q

Match the following COVID-19 vaccines with their descriptions:

  1. ZyCoV-D
  2. CORBEVAXTM
  3. GEMCOVAC
  4. iNCOVACC

A. World’s 1st and India’s indigenously developed intranasal COVID-19 Vaccine.
B. World’s 1st and India’s indigenously developed mRNA vaccine.
C. India’s first protein subunit vaccine.
D. World’s 1st and India’s indigenously developed DNA Vaccine.

A

1 - D
2- C
3- B
4- A

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17
Q

A recent study in US showed a miRNA called____is crucial for fighting cancer.
* miRNAs are small, highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules.

A

‘let-7’

18
Q

What is the role of miRNA in gene expression regulation?
a) Stimulates protein production.
b) Prevents mRNA from binding to proteins.
c) Binds to target mRNA to prevent protein production.
d) Facilitates DNA replication.

How much of the human genome do miRNAs account for?
a) 10-20%
b) 1-5%
c) 30-40%
d) 50-60%

What is immune imprinting?
a) The tendency of the body to repeat its immune response based on the first encountered pathogen variant.
b) The process of developing immunity through vaccination.
c) The recognition of foreign pathogens by the immune system.
d) The elimination of pathogens from the body.

What is the function of RNA interference (RNAi)?
a) Stimulates gene expression.
b) Prevents mRNA translation into proteins.
c) Enhances mRNA stability.
d) Promotes protein degradation

A

C
B
A
B

19
Q

Which material is NOT commonly used in the production of quantum dots?
a) Cadmium selenide (CdSe)
b) Lead sulfide (PbS)
c) Silicon (Si)
d) Indium arsenide (InAs)

What are quantum dots?
a) Natural semiconductor crystals found in nature.
b) Man-made semiconductor particles or crystals.
c) Subatomic particles discovered in quantum mechanics.

prize was awarded for the discovery and development of quantum dots to ________, Louis E. Brus, and _________

A

C
B
Moungi G. Bawendi

Alexey Yekimov.

20
Q

attoseconds is (10^ -(minus)____ second),

_______ moves at the speed of attosecond

What was the prize awarded for Developing methods to generate attosecond pulses of light. ?.

A

18
electrons
Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L’Huillier

21
Q

ATOMS can move and rotate within ________seconds (10^-15 second),

A

Femto

22
Q

_______________A method of machine learning that lets computers learn in a way that mimics a
human brain, by analyzing lots of information and classifying that information. It relies on a __________

A

Deep Learning

neural network

23
Q

Large Language Model (LLM):?

Natural Language Processing (NLP): ?

A

Like a big brain
A computer program that has been trained on massive amounts of
text data such as books, articles, website content, etc. An LLM is designed to understand and
generate human-like text based on the patterns and information it has learned from its
training.

like a translator
The ability of machines to use algorithms to analyze large quantities of text, allowing the machines to simulate human conversation and to understand and
work with human language

24
Q

As part of a narco test, ______________, also called ‘truth serum’, is injected into
a person which lowers a person’s self-consciousness, allowing them to speak
without inhibition

A

sodium pentothal

25
Q

Pilanesberg declaration
manhattan principle

A

One health approach

26
Q

NOMFET is a

A

nanoparticle organic memory field-effect transistor. The transistor is designed to mimic the feature of the human synapse known as plasticity, or the variation of the speed and strength of the signal going from neuron to neuron.

27
Q

NETRA by ISRO is for

A

space debris

28
Q

ELSA-d is a ___________

A

small satellite designed to find, rendezvous and clamp on to an unwanted satellite. It will then push it into the Earth’s atmosphere, where it will burn up

29
Q

Antrix:
NSIL:
IN-SPACe:

A

Handles ISRO’s commercial deals with foreign customers.

Focuses on enabling Indian industries and commercializing ISRO’s technologies.

Promotes and regulates private sector participation in space activities in India

30
Q

Click chemistry refers to a class of biocompatible reactions that are characterized by which of the following features?
A) Reactions that occur under high temperatures and pressures
B) Reactions that require extensive purification steps
C) Reactions that are high yielding, wide in scope, and simple to perform
D) Reactions that produce significant amounts of by-products

A

Answer: C) Reactions that are high yielding, wide in scope, and simple to perform

31
Q

The main purpose of click chemistry is to:
A) Increase the complexity of chemical synthesis
B) Facilitate the assembly of molecules in a reliable and efficient manner
C) Generate diverse molecular structures through multi-step reactions
D) Utilize hazardous reagents for synthesis

A

Answer: B) Facilitate the assembly of molecules in a reliable and efficient manner

32
Q

One of the most significant applications of click chemistry in modern times is in the field of:
A) Environmental remediation
B) Drug discovery and bioconjugation
C) Petrochemical synthesis
D) Traditional metal extraction

A

Answer: B) Drug discovery and bioconjugation

33
Q

One of the main advantages of click chemistry over conventional synthetic methods is:
A) The need for complex, high-pressure reaction vessels
B) The generation of a wide range of side products
C) The ability to achieve high selectivity and yield under mild conditions
D) The requirement for rare and expensive starting materials

A

Answer: C) The ability to achieve high selectivity and yield under mild conditions

34
Q

Classical La chapelle aux saint ?

A

Neanderthals

35
Q

Cro Magnon, Grimaldi, Chancelade

A

Homo Sapiens

36
Q

___ number of people have won nobel price twice
Int. Red cross society has won ___ number of times
UNHCR has won nobel price for __number of times

A

5, 3, 2

37
Q

Controller in nuclear reaction does
moderator in nuclear reaction does

A

Absorbs neutrinos
Slow down neutrinos

38
Q

In thorium reactor
mod =
Col =

A

D2O
H2O

39
Q

1st Stage Nuclear reactor
Mod and col

2nd stage
is a ___-
Mod and col

3rd stage
is a ____
Mod and col

A

Mod and col = D2O

Fast breeder reactor
No Moderator
The coolant used liquid sodium
Kalpakkam (TN)

Advanced Heavy water Reactor
Mod - H2O
Col - D2O

Uranium - to plutonium - to Thorium

40
Q

Explain the process from eating sugar to production of energy in the cell

A

Glycolysis (in the cytoplasm): Inside the cell, glucose is first broken down into pyruvate through a process called glycolysis. This happens in the cytoplasm, not in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP and pyruvate.

Pyruvate enters the mitochondria: The pyruvate molecules produced from glycolysis are transported into the mitochondria.

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) and Oxidative Phosphorylation: Inside the mitochondria, pyruvate undergoes further processing in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). This produces molecules that carry electrons (like NADH and FADH2), which are then used in the electron transport chain.

ATP Production (in the mitochondria): The electron transport chain, located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, uses the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to create a large amount of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

41
Q

Cryomesh Technology

A

is to freeze and store coral larvae.

Science CA (5 decks)

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