Miscellaneous

Question 1

sudden death syndrome

Answer 1

in healthy, fast growing male broilers
cause = unknown, maybe related to carb metabolism and lactic acidosis
signs = extend neck, gasp, short wing beat, flip on to back and die. 7d-12w old
diagnosis = found dead on back
prevent = decrease growth rate esp in first 3w of life

Question 2

cannabalism

Answer 2

risks = genetics, crowding , excessive light, overweight pullets, skin injuries
can cause disease transmission
signs = damaged feathers, decreased egg, increased prolapses and haemorrhages
control = decrease risks ASAP as hard to remove the habit

Question 3

gout

Answer 3

precipitation of rates in viscera or joints
visceral = after rapid renal failure, on pericardium, peritoneum and liver. risks = IB, avian nephritis, vit A def and mycotoxins
articular = less common. after long term increase in serum uric acid if fed excessive protein, enlarged joints and deformed feet, normal kidneys

Question 4

zygomycosis

Answer 4

ubiquitous in environment
cause = Basidiobolus spp and Conidiobolus spp
signs = diarrhoea, ulcerations, pyogranulomas of MM in oral cavity
diagnosis = histology, culture, PCR

Question 5

mycoplasma gallisepticum

Answer 5

chronic resp disease of broiler chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys
trans = vertical and horizontal
infected for life - stress reactivates
signs = c - inapparent or mild resp. t - more severe, swelling of sinuses, increased carcasess condemnation due to airsacculitis
diagnosis = RT-PCR
DD = E. coli, Newcastle, AI, IB
treat = atb to decrease signs but not eliminate infection
prevent = M. gallisepticum free flocks, good biosecurity, vaccine possible

Question 6

mycoplasma synoviae

Answer 6

trans = vertical and resp
infection in multiple age layer flock
signs = rales, usually no other signs, infectious synovitis - pale blue head and lameness with sitting and swollen hocks and footpads
diagnosis = RT-PCR
DD = viral tenosynovitis, Staph, Newcastle, IB, M. galli
prevent = same as M. Galli

Question 7

mycoplasma meleagridis

Answer 7

disease of breeder turkeys and causes airsacculitis in progeny
trans = vertical, resp and AI
signs = decreased hatchability, poult quality and growth rate, airsacculitis, skeletal abnormalities (wry neck)
diagnosis = high prevalence airsacculitis in day old poults, RT-PCR or ELISA
prevent = pathogen free flocks for eggs

Question 8

mycoplasma iowae

Answer 8

trans = horizontal and vertical
signs = in breeders, none except decreased hatchability. embryos = clubbed down, oedematous and stunted, leg deformities and chondrodystrophy
diagnosis = RT-PCR
control = pathogen free flocks

Question 9

aflatoxin

Answer 9

aspergillus spp
signs = inappetence, ataxia, seizures, death
PM = enlarged pale liver
ducks and turkeys most sensitive

Question 10

ochratoxin

Answer 10

nephrotoxin from penicillin viridicatum and aspergillus ochraceus
signs = decreased weight gain, huddling, diarrhoea, decreased egg

Question 11

ergotism

Answer 11

claviceps spp, grow on rye
signs = discoloured toes, wattles and combs, ulcers on legs and nervous signs

Question 12

citrinin

Answer 12

penicillin and aspergillum on corn
signs = diuresis, watery faeces and decreased weight gain

Question 13

oosporein

Answer 13

chaetomium
signs = gout, increased water intake, death

Question 14

cyclopiazonic acid

Answer 14

aspergillus flavus
signs = decreased feed conversion, increased cracks in eggs, dilated proventriculus, death

Question 15

trichothecene

Answer 15

fusarium
signs = oropharyngeal necrosis and ulceration, stunted feather growth, feed refusal, immunosuppression

Question 16

DON, fumonisins, zearalenone

Answer 16

fusarium
signs = feed refusal, ulcers in mouth, decreased eggs and shell quality, acute GI probs, long bone growth probs
moniliform = cardiotoxic and nephrotoxic

Question 17

aspergillosis

Answer 17

aspergillus fumigatus, niger, mucor spp
high mortality in chicks that inhale spores during hatching or placed on contaminated bedding, older inhale dust w spores
if reoccurring infection then check air ventilation system

Question 18

aspergillosis signs

Answer 18

dyspnea, fever, inappetence, emaciation, neuro form - torticollis, tremors. mycotic keratitis in chickens and turkeys
PM = white/yellow plaques on lungs and air sacs

Question 19

diagnosis aspergillosis

Answer 19

signs and PM lesions, culture and microscopy
DD = IB, Newcastle, mycobacteriosis, tumours

Question 20

aspergillosis prevent

Answer 20

no treatment but maybe spontaneous recovery if exposure stopped
prevent = dont incubate cracked eggs, fungicidal disinfectant
outbreak = remove birds from area, remove contam material, dont disturb area to decrease aerosol of spores, increase ventilation

Question 21

ascites syndrome

Answer 21

accumulation of non inflammatory transudate in peritoneal cavity
cause = increased venous hydrostatic pressure (secondary to high altitude hypoxia, increased blood viscosity and polycytemia) due to R ventricular failure or primary hepatic fibrosis

Question 22

signs ascites

Answer 22

mortality greatest after 5w
no signs until RV failure - ascites, cyanosis of abdominal skin, increased RR, growth stops, dead on back
PM = clear yellow fluid and fibrin clots in peritoneal space and swollen liver, lungs. distended RA and vena cava

Question 23

diagnosis ascites sindrome

Answer 23

necropsy findings
control = decrease O2 requirement, slow the growth rate, control temp
dont keep above 900m above sea
genetic selection for resistance

Question 24

DCM turkeys

Answer 24

exact etiology unknown - genetics or early viral myocarditis
risks = environment low in O2 at incubation, poults on bottom tier of transport trucks

Question 25

signs DCM turkeys

Answer 25

sudden death at 1-4w old, maybe dyspnea, ruffled feathers, if survive to market age then much lower weight
PM = enlarged heart, congested lungs, swollen liver, ascites

Question 26

diagnosis DCM turkeys

Answer 26

history and signs at necropsy
no treatment - just prevent risks

Question 27

aortic rupture turkeys

Answer 27

usually rapidly growing turkeys
genetic predisposition - associated w hypertension
signs = 8-19w old chickens, sudden death and internal blood loss
diagnosis = history, PM lesions, absence of infectious agents
no treatment
prevent = copper in feed, decrease stress and feed intake

Question 28

vit A def

Answer 28

can be 2-5m deficient before signs develop
signs - emaciation, weak, ruffled feathers, decreased eggs and hatchabilty, milky cheese material in eye, decreased growth and ataxia in chicks
give through water as faster than food

Question 29

vit D3 def

Answer 29

needed for absorption and metabolism of Ca or P
decreased eggs, osteoporosis, poor egg shell quality, retarded growth and easily broken bones

Question 30

vit E def

Answer 30

encephalomalacia - ataxia, muscular dystrophy, exudative diathesis (if Se def too)

Question 31

vit k def

Answer 31

sub cut and internal hemorrhages
give menadione in feed to prevent

Question 32

vit B1 def

Answer 32

thiamine
polyneuritis, lethargy and head tremor, hypothermia, decreased RR, anorexia
common when poorly processed fish meals used

Question 33

Vit B2 def

Answer 33

riboflavin
curled toe paralysis, decreased eggs, grow slowly, diarrhoea

Question 34

vit B3 def

Answer 34

niacin
disorders of skin and GI system, decreased appetite, weakness, black tongue in chicks

Question 35

vit b5 def

Answer 35

pantothenic acid
lesions in nervous system, adrenals and skin, decreased eggs, dermatitis, wart like things on feet, atrophied liver w yellow colour

Question 36

vit b6 def

Answer 36

pyridoxine
retarded growth, dermatitis, anorexia

Question 37

vit b7 def

Answer 37

biotin
dermatitis on feet and skin of beak and eyes

Question 38

vit b9 def

Answer 38

folate
macrocytic anemia and leukopenia, poor feathers, slow growth, perosis

Question 39

vit b12 def

Answer 39

decreased weight gain, poor feathering, decreased egg size, unlikely in birds on litter

Question 40

choline def

Answer 40

perosis - pinpoint hemorrhages and puffy hocks, flattening of tibiometatarsal joint

Question 41

cryptococcus

Answer 41

cryptococcus neoformans
found in faeces of pigeons, chickens, canaries and parrots (asymptomatic)
aerosol transmission
zoonotic in immunocompromised people

Question 42

dactylariosis

Answer 42

dactylaria galloparva fungus
affects 1-5w old birds grows in low pH in contaminated litter and wood chip
signs = incoordination, paralysis, tremor, circling
PM = large, hardened grey area in brain and red discolouration
diagnosis = history, signs, fungal culture, PM
no known treatment
prevent = dont reuse old sawdust, use quality woodchip clean incubators well