Miscellaneous Flashcards
sudden death syndrome
in healthy, fast growing male broilers
cause = unknown, maybe related to carb metabolism and lactic acidosis
signs = extend neck, gasp, short wing beat, flip on to back and die. 7d-12w old
diagnosis = found dead on back
prevent = decrease growth rate esp in first 3w of life
cannabalism
risks = genetics, crowding , excessive light, overweight pullets, skin injuries
can cause disease transmission
signs = damaged feathers, decreased egg, increased prolapses and haemorrhages
control = decrease risks ASAP as hard to remove the habit
gout
precipitation of rates in viscera or joints
visceral = after rapid renal failure, on pericardium, peritoneum and liver. risks = IB, avian nephritis, vit A def and mycotoxins
articular = less common. after long term increase in serum uric acid if fed excessive protein, enlarged joints and deformed feet, normal kidneys
zygomycosis
ubiquitous in environment
cause = Basidiobolus spp and Conidiobolus spp
signs = diarrhoea, ulcerations, pyogranulomas of MM in oral cavity
diagnosis = histology, culture, PCR
mycoplasma gallisepticum
chronic resp disease of broiler chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys
trans = vertical and horizontal
infected for life - stress reactivates
signs = c - inapparent or mild resp. t - more severe, swelling of sinuses, increased carcasess condemnation due to airsacculitis
diagnosis = RT-PCR
DD = E. coli, Newcastle, AI, IB
treat = atb to decrease signs but not eliminate infection
prevent = M. gallisepticum free flocks, good biosecurity, vaccine possible
mycoplasma synoviae
trans = vertical and resp
infection in multiple age layer flock
signs = rales, usually no other signs, infectious synovitis - pale blue head and lameness with sitting and swollen hocks and footpads
diagnosis = RT-PCR
DD = viral tenosynovitis, Staph, Newcastle, IB, M. galli
prevent = same as M. Galli
mycoplasma meleagridis
disease of breeder turkeys and causes airsacculitis in progeny
trans = vertical, resp and AI
signs = decreased hatchability, poult quality and growth rate, airsacculitis, skeletal abnormalities (wry neck)
diagnosis = high prevalence airsacculitis in day old poults, RT-PCR or ELISA
prevent = pathogen free flocks for eggs
mycoplasma iowae
trans = horizontal and vertical
signs = in breeders, none except decreased hatchability. embryos = clubbed down, oedematous and stunted, leg deformities and chondrodystrophy
diagnosis = RT-PCR
control = pathogen free flocks
aflatoxin
aspergillus spp
signs = inappetence, ataxia, seizures, death
PM = enlarged pale liver
ducks and turkeys most sensitive
ochratoxin
nephrotoxin from penicillin viridicatum and aspergillus ochraceus
signs = decreased weight gain, huddling, diarrhoea, decreased egg
ergotism
claviceps spp, grow on rye
signs = discoloured toes, wattles and combs, ulcers on legs and nervous signs
citrinin
penicillin and aspergillum on corn
signs = diuresis, watery faeces and decreased weight gain
oosporein
chaetomium
signs = gout, increased water intake, death
cyclopiazonic acid
aspergillus flavus
signs = decreased feed conversion, increased cracks in eggs, dilated proventriculus, death
trichothecene
fusarium
signs = oropharyngeal necrosis and ulceration, stunted feather growth, feed refusal, immunosuppression
DON, fumonisins, zearalenone
fusarium
signs = feed refusal, ulcers in mouth, decreased eggs and shell quality, acute GI probs, long bone growth probs
moniliform = cardiotoxic and nephrotoxic
aspergillosis
aspergillus fumigatus, niger, mucor spp
high mortality in chicks that inhale spores during hatching or placed on contaminated bedding, older inhale dust w spores
if reoccurring infection then check air ventilation system
aspergillosis signs
dyspnea, fever, inappetence, emaciation, neuro form - torticollis, tremors. mycotic keratitis in chickens and turkeys
PM = white/yellow plaques on lungs and air sacs
diagnosis aspergillosis
signs and PM lesions, culture and microscopy
DD = IB, Newcastle, mycobacteriosis, tumours
aspergillosis prevent
no treatment but maybe spontaneous recovery if exposure stopped
prevent = dont incubate cracked eggs, fungicidal disinfectant
outbreak = remove birds from area, remove contam material, dont disturb area to decrease aerosol of spores, increase ventilation
ascites syndrome
accumulation of non inflammatory transudate in peritoneal cavity
cause = increased venous hydrostatic pressure (secondary to high altitude hypoxia, increased blood viscosity and polycytemia) due to R ventricular failure or primary hepatic fibrosis
signs ascites
mortality greatest after 5w
no signs until RV failure - ascites, cyanosis of abdominal skin, increased RR, growth stops, dead on back
PM = clear yellow fluid and fibrin clots in peritoneal space and swollen liver, lungs. distended RA and vena cava
diagnosis ascites sindrome
necropsy findings
control = decrease O2 requirement, slow the growth rate, control temp
dont keep above 900m above sea
genetic selection for resistance
DCM turkeys
exact etiology unknown - genetics or early viral myocarditis
risks = environment low in O2 at incubation, poults on bottom tier of transport trucks
signs DCM turkeys
sudden death at 1-4w old, maybe dyspnea, ruffled feathers, if survive to market age then much lower weight
PM = enlarged heart, congested lungs, swollen liver, ascites
diagnosis DCM turkeys
history and signs at necropsy
no treatment - just prevent risks
aortic rupture turkeys
usually rapidly growing turkeys
genetic predisposition - associated w hypertension
signs = 8-19w old chickens, sudden death and internal blood loss
diagnosis = history, PM lesions, absence of infectious agents
no treatment
prevent = copper in feed, decrease stress and feed intake
vit A def
can be 2-5m deficient before signs develop
signs - emaciation, weak, ruffled feathers, decreased eggs and hatchabilty, milky cheese material in eye, decreased growth and ataxia in chicks
give through water as faster than food
vit D3 def
needed for absorption and metabolism of Ca or P
decreased eggs, osteoporosis, poor egg shell quality, retarded growth and easily broken bones
vit E def
encephalomalacia - ataxia, muscular dystrophy, exudative diathesis (if Se def too)
vit k def
sub cut and internal hemorrhages
give menadione in feed to prevent
vit B1 def
thiamine
polyneuritis, lethargy and head tremor, hypothermia, decreased RR, anorexia
common when poorly processed fish meals used
Vit B2 def
riboflavin
curled toe paralysis, decreased eggs, grow slowly, diarrhoea
vit B3 def
niacin
disorders of skin and GI system, decreased appetite, weakness, black tongue in chicks
vit b5 def
pantothenic acid
lesions in nervous system, adrenals and skin, decreased eggs, dermatitis, wart like things on feet, atrophied liver w yellow colour
vit b6 def
pyridoxine
retarded growth, dermatitis, anorexia
vit b7 def
biotin
dermatitis on feet and skin of beak and eyes
vit b9 def
folate
macrocytic anemia and leukopenia, poor feathers, slow growth, perosis
vit b12 def
decreased weight gain, poor feathering, decreased egg size, unlikely in birds on litter
choline def
perosis - pinpoint hemorrhages and puffy hocks, flattening of tibiometatarsal joint
cryptococcus
cryptococcus neoformans
found in faeces of pigeons, chickens, canaries and parrots (asymptomatic)
aerosol transmission
zoonotic in immunocompromised people
dactylariosis
dactylaria galloparva fungus
affects 1-5w old birds grows in low pH in contaminated litter and wood chip
signs = incoordination, paralysis, tremor, circling
PM = large, hardened grey area in brain and red discolouration
diagnosis = history, signs, fungal culture, PM
no known treatment
prevent = dont reuse old sawdust, use quality woodchip clean incubators well
