Bacteria Flashcards
colibacillosis
avian pathogenic E.coli
normal in intestines
signs = septicaemia, sudden death, airsacculitis, pericarditis, polyserositis (depends if stays local or spreads from POE). swollen head syndrome if confections
diagnosis = isolation in pure culture
prevent = good management and decrease stress, not a vaccine that covers all types
public health risks
campylobacteriosis
C. jejuni = non pathogenic in birds
C. hepaticus = spotty liver
SOI = contam environment, excreted in faeces for life
trans = on egg surface or transovarial, insects, litter
signs of camplyobacteriosis
multifocal necrotic hepatitis, egg production losses and increased mortality
PM = distension of jejunum, hemorrhagic enteritis, focal hepatic necrosis
diagnosis campylobacteriosis
culture from liver or faeces, MALDI-TOF, PCR
control = improved biosecurity and hygiene, all in all out, decontamination, rodent control, chlorinate drinking water
treat campylobacter
C.hepaticus = chlortetracycline, lincomycin but resistance and withholding time for eggs
withhold feed 12h before slaughter and thoroughly clean transport trucks to decrease jejuni in processing plant
C. jejuni = enteritis in humans from undercooked poultry
avian chlamydiosis
chlamydia psittaci, 8 serotypes, A and D highly virulent for turkeys
trans = feco-oral or resp, possible vectors and vertical
infective for months in litter
stress can initiate shedding
long term infection common
signs chlamydiosis
nasal and ocular discharge, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, green/yellow droppings, fever, inactivity, decreased eggs, resp signs in turkeys and chickens
PM = serofibrinous polyserositis, bronchopneumonia, hepatic necrosis
diagnosis of chlamydiosis
for flock = serology, PM and PCR
individual = PCR, culture or 4x titre
hard due to variety of signs, latency and intermittent shedding
DD = other resp or systemic diseases
treat chlamydiosis
tetracyclines for 2-8w, remove 2d before slaughter. lasts 9/26d in eggs
reportable
no vaccine
control = biosecurity
zoonotic = aerosol, pneumonia
bordetellosis
bordetella avian or hinzii
morbidity 80-100%, mortality 0-40 % in turkeys
turkeys resistant after 5w old
trans = direct contact, litter (6m), feed
signs bordetellosis
appear 7-10d PI
sinusitis, clear nasal discharge, foamy watery eyes, cough, mouth breathing, dyspnea, tracheal rales
tracheal softening and collapse
PM = nasal and tracheal exudate, collapsed (dorsoventral flattening) trachea
chickens need another pathogen or vaccine to cause disease
diagnosis bordetellosis
signs an lesions, culture from trachea, ELISA, hemagglutination to differentiate B avium and B hinzii
no treatment
niacin in water can decrease signs
control bordellellosis
vaccines have variable efficacy - can decrease severity but not prevent infection
zoonotic - opportunistic pathogen
fowl cholera
pasteurella multocida
turkeys and waterfowl more susceptible than chickens
SOI = asymptomatic carriers, wild birds, rodents, dogs
trans = excretion from mouth, conjunctiva, contam crates, shoes, not egg
signs fowl cholera
acute - lots of dead without signs
chronic - depress, anorexia, mucoid discharge from mouth, increased RR, pneumonia
PM = vascular disturbances , hepatosplenomegaly, oophoritis, fibronecrotic dermatitis
diagnosis fowl cholera
history, signs, culture
PCR
DD = E.coli, S. enteritica, Erysipelas
prevent fowl cholera
good management, biosecurity, pest control, adjuvant bacterin serotype vaccine
attenuated live vaccine in water for turkey or wing web chicken
treat fowl cholera
depop, thorough clean and disinfect,
atb - early and good dose needed, penicillin in turkeys
treatment doesn’t necessarily eliminate from flock
gangrenous dermatitis
clostridium septicum and perfringens A alone or in combo
ubiquitous in environment, on skin and in intestines
risks = IBD, CIA, RE, IBH, poor litter, overcrowding
signs gangrenous dermatitis
onset less than 24h
fever, listlessness, ataxia, recumbency, subcut edema of lower body and thighs with no feathers, red/purple discolouration of the skin
PM= rapid autolysis, severe edema with gas, hemorrhage
diagnosis gangrenous dermatitis
signs, PM , culture, PCR
isolation of agent wo clinical signs is not diagnostic
treat gangrenous dermatitis
clean and disinfect, decrease trauma and risk factors, vaccinate against immunosuppressive diseases,
public health risk
infectious coryza
avibacterium paragallinarum
susceptibility increases with age
trans = direct contact, air droplets and drinking water
SOI = chronically ill or healthy carriers
signs coryza
mild - listlessness, serous nasal discharge, slight facial swelling
severe - extreme swelling of infraorbital sinuses, eyes shut, wattle edema, diarrhoea, decreased eggs
PM = grey, fluid exudate in sinuses
diagnosis coryza
culture/PCR
DD = fowl cholera, mycoplasma, laryngotracheitis, Newcastle, IB, AI
control coryza
all in all out, biosecurity, vaccinate w known serovars 4w before outbreak
treat = atb in water then food
disease can reoccur when atb stopped
listeria
listeria monocytogenes, ubiquitous in environment and can be in GI tract of healthy
trans = ingestion, inhalation, wound contamination
SOI = faces of cattle/swine after flooding
young more susceptible
POE = beak trimming injuries
signs listeria
septicaemic form = listlessness, lethargy, sudden death
encephalitic form = ataxia, lateral recumbency, paddling, neck twisting, paralysis
PM = myocardial necrosis, splenomegaly. encephalitic no gross lesions but foci of malacia in medulla oblongata
diagnosis listeria
PM and histopath, IHC, culture, PCR
DD = septicaemic = colibacillosis, pasteurellosis. encephalitic = mareks, virulent newcastle
prevent listeria
treat hard in encephalitic form
prevent = eliminate potential SOI
zoonotic
necrotic enteritis
clostridium perfringens A and C
normal in intestines so enterotoxemia occurs when there is an imbalance of macrobiotic ( usually w coccidia)
risks = high animal products, wheat, barley or oat in diet
signs necrotic enteritis
sudden increase in mortality 2-50%, depress, diarrhea
PM = ballooned and friable SI w brown foul swelling content in jejunum. mucosa has tan/yellow pseudomembrane
diagnosis necrotic enteritis
signs, diarrhoea and depress, SI lesions and micro seeing G+ rods
DD = ulcerative enteritis ( usually focal lesions in ileum and ceca) or E. brunetti (milder)
prevent necrotic enteritis
prevent coccidiosis, good diet, no drastic diet changes, remove dead birds quickly
atb in water for 5-7d
outbreaks usually short and self limiting in flock regardless of treatment
ulcerative enteritis
clostridium colinum
quail disease. in chickens linked to stress, coccidia and IBD
spores survive in the environment for months
signs ulcerative enteritis
quail = sudden death up to 100% mortality in 2-3d, hemorrhagic enteritis
chickens = anorexia, depressed, humped back, bloody/white diarrhoea. recover in 2-3w, mortality less than 10%
PM = small round ulcers surrounded by haemorrhages in SI, ceca and upper LI, yellow grey necrotic foci in liver
diagnosis ulcerative enteritis
signs, ID bacteria on histopath, culture or PCR
DD = coccidiosis, necrotic enteritis, histomoniasis ( differentiate based on liver lesions)
prevent ulcerative enteritis
bacitracin 200g/ton in quail
goo management - avoid bringing new birds in, all in all out, pest control, decrease stocking density
staphylococcus
S. aureus is most pathogenic
ubiquitous on skin
POE = skin wounds, beak trimming, open navel
localised or systemic infection
localised signs staph
bumble foot - pododermatitis
omphalitis - lethargy, moist dark navel, longer retained yolk sac
arthritis, synovitis, osteomyelitis
systemic signs staph
laying hens - sudden death, cutaneous inflammation, necrosis of comb and wattles
PM = liver necrosis, enlarged and mottled spleen, gangrenous dermatitis
diagnosis staph
culture bacteria form lesion
DD= strep, E.coli, P.multocida
treat staph
atb after susceptibility testing, better for systemic than localised
prevent = stop wounds, clean litter, stop cannabalism
pub health - can cause food poisoning in people
pseudomonas
ubiquitous in environment, opportunistic in chickens (immunosuppressed or healthy if gains access to bloodstream)
%0-100% mortality in 4w old
signs = yolk sac infections, ear infections, osteomyelitis, resp signs, diarrhoea, death
treat = atb but resistance common
TB in poultry
Mycobacterium avium subsp avium serovars 1, 2, 3. maybe bovis, tb etc
trans = aerosol, ingestion, can live in environment for years, chronic in small poultry outdoor flocks
signs TB poultry
usually all affected but only a few show signs
decreased egg production or decreased weight gain
PM = emaciation, no fat reserves, prominent bone, white firm masses in liver, spleen and bone marrow
diagnosis TB
fecal PCR but shedding intermittent
culture but takes ages. stain granuloma or histopath shows bacteria
DD = salmonella, E.coli, Staph, mareks, RE but only TB causes bone marrow granulomas
treat TB
not recommended
control = depop so down continue to contaminate the environment
can’t put poultry on that area again
zoonosis = yes but serovar of human M avium more similar to swine but still be careful
gallibacterium anatis
commensal in upper resp tract and genital tract of healthy chickens
trans = oral or venereal
signs = bacteriemia, oophoritis, follicle dengen, peritonitis, hepatitis, enteritis, resp disease
affects intensively reared poultry - decreased egg production and mortality in broilers
diagnosis = PCR
DD = coryza, Newcastle, AI
prevent = biosecurity
spirochetosis
brcahyspira piliscoli or intermedia
chickens at risk when exposed to same environment as pigs
pigs main host and ducks subclinical carriers
signs spirochetosis
yellow/brown diarrhoea, delayed start of laying, lighter eggs w pale yolks, egg shells w faeces on
diagnosis spirochetosis
signs, history, PCR, culture faeces
prevent = dont keep chickens and pigs together, clean and disinfect and decrease rodents
enterococcus
enterococcus faecalis, faecium, cecorum
opportunistic pathogen - normal in intestinal tract of poultry and birds
some strains used as probiotics
trans = oral or aerosol, skin wounds
E. cecorum = osteomyelitis in broilers
E. faecalis - all ages but v bad in embryos and chicks
signs enterococcus
acute - listlessness, lethargy, ruffled feathers, diarrhoea, decreased egg. PM - hepatosplenomegaly, congestion of SC tissue, multifocal tan areas of necrosis
subacute/chronic - lameness, listlessness, head tremor. PM - pericarditis, airsacculitis, osteomyelitis, septic emboli
E. cecorum - paralysis
diagnosis enterococcus
culture from lesions
DD = staph, strep, collibacillosis, pasteurellosis
treat enterococcus
atb
prevent = prevent immunosuppressive diseases, cleaning, sanitation
vancomycin resistant enterocci in poultry possible transmission to humans
erysipelas
erysipelas rhusiopathiae
turkeys mostly affected, ubiquitous in nature
shed in faeces - contaminates soil
POE = skin abrasions, MM (AI), ingestion (cannabalism), red mite mechanical vector
signs erysipelas
sudden death w droopy unsteady gait, suspect if AI 5d before
cutaneous lesions and swollen hocks, vegetative endocarditis (sudden death)
chickens - weakness, depress, diarrhoea
PM = skin darkening, enlarged liver, friable and mottled spleen
diagnosis erysipelas
impression smear fo liver or spleen, see G+ rods, PCR
DD = E.coli, P.multocida, salmonellosis, per acute Newcastle
treat erysipelas
fast acting penicillin
prevent - live vaccine in water, 2 doses at 2-3w intervals. bacterin every 4w before start of egg production
zoonotic
pullorum disease
Salmonella pullorum
bacillary white diarrhoea (sporadic in backyard flocks) acute septicaemia in young and latent infection in adults
signs = chicks = weakness, fast breathing, white/green/brown diarrhea. adults - decreased eggs, depress, decreased appetite
PM = necrotic foci on liver, lungs, enlarged spleen.
DD = colisepticaemia, S.gallinarum, IB, Aspergillosis
fowl typhoid
S. gallinarum
acute = severe haemolytic anemia, adults more susceptible
signs = 4-5d incubation, immediate death after hatching, slow growth, poor appetite. adults - pale comb, poor appetite, swollen joints
PM = grey miliary necrosis in liver myocardium, peritonitis
DD = fowl cholera, S.pullorum, Staph, Erysipelas
salmonella non specific for poultry
S.enteritidis, S. typhurium
doesn’t cause disease in poultry but excreted in environment
signs = in less than 2w old, depress, anorexia, diarrhea
PM = enlarged spleen and liver, maybe purulent arthritis
salmonella arizonae
significant in turkeys
birds and reptiles are reservoirs, rodents spread
adults = chronic carriers, colonises ovaries - vertical trans
signs = mortality in first 3w of life, depress, closed eyes, ruffled feathers, blindness, diarrhea
PM = enlarged yellow liver w focal necrosis, enlarged gall bladder, retained yolk sac, blurred lens and retina. cystic ovaries
diagnosis of salmonellosis
gold standard = bacteriology and culture
serotyping, ELISA, PCR
treatment of salmonellosis
only in poultry in pain/suffering or to preserve important genetic material
eradication not possible due to reservoirs and environmental pollution
prevention of salmonellosis
educate consumers, improve slaughterhouse hygiene, control on farms, salmonella free flocks, biosecurity, monitor flocks, immunoprophylaxis
pre and probiotics, essential oils etc
vaccination salmonellosis
live attenuated - S.enteriditis, parents and layers on first day of life and booster 6-8w and 16-18w and 3w before laying in water
inactivated - S. enteritis, S. typhimorium, parenteral application, to decrease egg contamination, last vaccine at least 2w before laying
human salmonellosis
gastroenteritis, septicaemia, osteomyelitis, pneumonia
