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Chicken > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

colibacillosis

A

avian pathogenic E.coli
normal in intestines
signs = septicaemia, sudden death, airsacculitis, pericarditis, polyserositis (depends if stays local or spreads from POE). swollen head syndrome if confections
diagnosis = isolation in pure culture
prevent = good management and decrease stress, not a vaccine that covers all types
public health risks

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2
Q

campylobacteriosis

A

C. jejuni = non pathogenic in birds
C. hepaticus = spotty liver
SOI = contam environment, excreted in faeces for life
trans = on egg surface or transovarial, insects, litter

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3
Q

signs of camplyobacteriosis

A

multifocal necrotic hepatitis, egg production losses and increased mortality
PM = distension of jejunum, hemorrhagic enteritis, focal hepatic necrosis

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4
Q

diagnosis campylobacteriosis

A

culture from liver or faeces, MALDI-TOF, PCR
control = improved biosecurity and hygiene, all in all out, decontamination, rodent control, chlorinate drinking water

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5
Q

treat campylobacter

A

C.hepaticus = chlortetracycline, lincomycin but resistance and withholding time for eggs
withhold feed 12h before slaughter and thoroughly clean transport trucks to decrease jejuni in processing plant
C. jejuni = enteritis in humans from undercooked poultry

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6
Q

avian chlamydiosis

A

chlamydia psittaci, 8 serotypes, A and D highly virulent for turkeys
trans = feco-oral or resp, possible vectors and vertical
infective for months in litter
stress can initiate shedding
long term infection common

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7
Q

signs chlamydiosis

A

nasal and ocular discharge, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, green/yellow droppings, fever, inactivity, decreased eggs, resp signs in turkeys and chickens
PM = serofibrinous polyserositis, bronchopneumonia, hepatic necrosis

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8
Q

diagnosis of chlamydiosis

A

for flock = serology, PM and PCR
individual = PCR, culture or 4x titre
hard due to variety of signs, latency and intermittent shedding
DD = other resp or systemic diseases

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9
Q

treat chlamydiosis

A

tetracyclines for 2-8w, remove 2d before slaughter. lasts 9/26d in eggs
reportable
no vaccine
control = biosecurity
zoonotic = aerosol, pneumonia

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10
Q

bordetellosis

A

bordetella avian or hinzii
morbidity 80-100%, mortality 0-40 % in turkeys
turkeys resistant after 5w old
trans = direct contact, litter (6m), feed

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11
Q

signs bordetellosis

A

appear 7-10d PI
sinusitis, clear nasal discharge, foamy watery eyes, cough, mouth breathing, dyspnea, tracheal rales
tracheal softening and collapse
PM = nasal and tracheal exudate, collapsed (dorsoventral flattening) trachea
chickens need another pathogen or vaccine to cause disease

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12
Q

diagnosis bordetellosis

A

signs an lesions, culture from trachea, ELISA, hemagglutination to differentiate B avium and B hinzii
no treatment
niacin in water can decrease signs

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13
Q

control bordellellosis

A

vaccines have variable efficacy - can decrease severity but not prevent infection
zoonotic - opportunistic pathogen

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14
Q

fowl cholera

A

pasteurella multocida
turkeys and waterfowl more susceptible than chickens
SOI = asymptomatic carriers, wild birds, rodents, dogs
trans = excretion from mouth, conjunctiva, contam crates, shoes, not egg

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15
Q

signs fowl cholera

A

acute - lots of dead without signs
chronic - depress, anorexia, mucoid discharge from mouth, increased RR, pneumonia
PM = vascular disturbances , hepatosplenomegaly, oophoritis, fibronecrotic dermatitis

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16
Q

diagnosis fowl cholera

A

history, signs, culture
PCR
DD = E.coli, S. enteritica, Erysipelas

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17
Q

prevent fowl cholera

A

good management, biosecurity, pest control, adjuvant bacterin serotype vaccine
attenuated live vaccine in water for turkey or wing web chicken

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18
Q

treat fowl cholera

A

depop, thorough clean and disinfect,
atb - early and good dose needed, penicillin in turkeys
treatment doesn’t necessarily eliminate from flock

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19
Q

gangrenous dermatitis

A

clostridium septicum and perfringens A alone or in combo
ubiquitous in environment, on skin and in intestines
risks = IBD, CIA, RE, IBH, poor litter, overcrowding

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20
Q

signs gangrenous dermatitis

A

onset less than 24h
fever, listlessness, ataxia, recumbency, subcut edema of lower body and thighs with no feathers, red/purple discolouration of the skin
PM= rapid autolysis, severe edema with gas, hemorrhage

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21
Q

diagnosis gangrenous dermatitis

A

signs, PM , culture, PCR
isolation of agent wo clinical signs is not diagnostic

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22
Q

treat gangrenous dermatitis

A

clean and disinfect, decrease trauma and risk factors, vaccinate against immunosuppressive diseases,
public health risk

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23
Q

infectious coryza

A

avibacterium paragallinarum
susceptibility increases with age
trans = direct contact, air droplets and drinking water
SOI = chronically ill or healthy carriers

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24
Q

signs coryza

A

mild - listlessness, serous nasal discharge, slight facial swelling
severe - extreme swelling of infraorbital sinuses, eyes shut, wattle edema, diarrhoea, decreased eggs
PM = grey, fluid exudate in sinuses

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25
Q

diagnosis coryza

A

culture/PCR
DD = fowl cholera, mycoplasma, laryngotracheitis, Newcastle, IB, AI

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26
Q

control coryza

A

all in all out, biosecurity, vaccinate w known serovars 4w before outbreak
treat = atb in water then food
disease can reoccur when atb stopped

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27
Q

listeria

A

listeria monocytogenes, ubiquitous in environment and can be in GI tract of healthy
trans = ingestion, inhalation, wound contamination
SOI = faces of cattle/swine after flooding
young more susceptible
POE = beak trimming injuries

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28
Q

signs listeria

A

septicaemic form = listlessness, lethargy, sudden death
encephalitic form = ataxia, lateral recumbency, paddling, neck twisting, paralysis
PM = myocardial necrosis, splenomegaly. encephalitic no gross lesions but foci of malacia in medulla oblongata

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29
Q

diagnosis listeria

A

PM and histopath, IHC, culture, PCR
DD = septicaemic = colibacillosis, pasteurellosis. encephalitic = mareks, virulent newcastle

30
Q

prevent listeria

A

treat hard in encephalitic form
prevent = eliminate potential SOI
zoonotic

31
Q

necrotic enteritis

A

clostridium perfringens A and C
normal in intestines so enterotoxemia occurs when there is an imbalance of macrobiotic ( usually w coccidia)
risks = high animal products, wheat, barley or oat in diet

32
Q

signs necrotic enteritis

A

sudden increase in mortality 2-50%, depress, diarrhea
PM = ballooned and friable SI w brown foul swelling content in jejunum. mucosa has tan/yellow pseudomembrane

33
Q

diagnosis necrotic enteritis

A

signs, diarrhoea and depress, SI lesions and micro seeing G+ rods
DD = ulcerative enteritis ( usually focal lesions in ileum and ceca) or E. brunetti (milder)

34
Q

prevent necrotic enteritis

A

prevent coccidiosis, good diet, no drastic diet changes, remove dead birds quickly
atb in water for 5-7d
outbreaks usually short and self limiting in flock regardless of treatment

35
Q

ulcerative enteritis

A

clostridium colinum
quail disease. in chickens linked to stress, coccidia and IBD
spores survive in the environment for months

36
Q

signs ulcerative enteritis

A

quail = sudden death up to 100% mortality in 2-3d, hemorrhagic enteritis
chickens = anorexia, depressed, humped back, bloody/white diarrhoea. recover in 2-3w, mortality less than 10%
PM = small round ulcers surrounded by haemorrhages in SI, ceca and upper LI, yellow grey necrotic foci in liver

37
Q

diagnosis ulcerative enteritis

A

signs, ID bacteria on histopath, culture or PCR
DD = coccidiosis, necrotic enteritis, histomoniasis ( differentiate based on liver lesions)

38
Q

prevent ulcerative enteritis

A

bacitracin 200g/ton in quail
goo management - avoid bringing new birds in, all in all out, pest control, decrease stocking density

39
Q

staphylococcus

A

S. aureus is most pathogenic
ubiquitous on skin
POE = skin wounds, beak trimming, open navel
localised or systemic infection

40
Q

localised signs staph

A

bumble foot - pododermatitis
omphalitis - lethargy, moist dark navel, longer retained yolk sac
arthritis, synovitis, osteomyelitis

41
Q

systemic signs staph

A

laying hens - sudden death, cutaneous inflammation, necrosis of comb and wattles
PM = liver necrosis, enlarged and mottled spleen, gangrenous dermatitis

42
Q

diagnosis staph

A

culture bacteria form lesion
DD= strep, E.coli, P.multocida

43
Q

treat staph

A

atb after susceptibility testing, better for systemic than localised
prevent = stop wounds, clean litter, stop cannabalism
pub health - can cause food poisoning in people

44
Q

pseudomonas

A

ubiquitous in environment, opportunistic in chickens (immunosuppressed or healthy if gains access to bloodstream)
%0-100% mortality in 4w old
signs = yolk sac infections, ear infections, osteomyelitis, resp signs, diarrhoea, death
treat = atb but resistance common

45
Q

TB in poultry

A

Mycobacterium avium subsp avium serovars 1, 2, 3. maybe bovis, tb etc
trans = aerosol, ingestion, can live in environment for years, chronic in small poultry outdoor flocks

46
Q

signs TB poultry

A

usually all affected but only a few show signs
decreased egg production or decreased weight gain
PM = emaciation, no fat reserves, prominent bone, white firm masses in liver, spleen and bone marrow

47
Q

diagnosis TB

A

fecal PCR but shedding intermittent
culture but takes ages. stain granuloma or histopath shows bacteria
DD = salmonella, E.coli, Staph, mareks, RE but only TB causes bone marrow granulomas

48
Q

treat TB

A

not recommended
control = depop so down continue to contaminate the environment
can’t put poultry on that area again
zoonosis = yes but serovar of human M avium more similar to swine but still be careful

49
Q

gallibacterium anatis

A

commensal in upper resp tract and genital tract of healthy chickens
trans = oral or venereal
signs = bacteriemia, oophoritis, follicle dengen, peritonitis, hepatitis, enteritis, resp disease
affects intensively reared poultry - decreased egg production and mortality in broilers
diagnosis = PCR
DD = coryza, Newcastle, AI
prevent = biosecurity

50
Q

spirochetosis

A

brcahyspira piliscoli or intermedia
chickens at risk when exposed to same environment as pigs
pigs main host and ducks subclinical carriers

51
Q

signs spirochetosis

A

yellow/brown diarrhoea, delayed start of laying, lighter eggs w pale yolks, egg shells w faeces on

52
Q

diagnosis spirochetosis

A

signs, history, PCR, culture faeces
prevent = dont keep chickens and pigs together, clean and disinfect and decrease rodents

53
Q

enterococcus

A

enterococcus faecalis, faecium, cecorum
opportunistic pathogen - normal in intestinal tract of poultry and birds
some strains used as probiotics
trans = oral or aerosol, skin wounds
E. cecorum = osteomyelitis in broilers
E. faecalis - all ages but v bad in embryos and chicks

54
Q

signs enterococcus

A

acute - listlessness, lethargy, ruffled feathers, diarrhoea, decreased egg. PM - hepatosplenomegaly, congestion of SC tissue, multifocal tan areas of necrosis
subacute/chronic - lameness, listlessness, head tremor. PM - pericarditis, airsacculitis, osteomyelitis, septic emboli
E. cecorum - paralysis

55
Q

diagnosis enterococcus

A

culture from lesions
DD = staph, strep, collibacillosis, pasteurellosis

56
Q

treat enterococcus

A

atb
prevent = prevent immunosuppressive diseases, cleaning, sanitation
vancomycin resistant enterocci in poultry possible transmission to humans

57
Q

erysipelas

A

erysipelas rhusiopathiae
turkeys mostly affected, ubiquitous in nature
shed in faeces - contaminates soil
POE = skin abrasions, MM (AI), ingestion (cannabalism), red mite mechanical vector

58
Q

signs erysipelas

A

sudden death w droopy unsteady gait, suspect if AI 5d before
cutaneous lesions and swollen hocks, vegetative endocarditis (sudden death)
chickens - weakness, depress, diarrhoea
PM = skin darkening, enlarged liver, friable and mottled spleen

59
Q

diagnosis erysipelas

A

impression smear fo liver or spleen, see G+ rods, PCR
DD = E.coli, P.multocida, salmonellosis, per acute Newcastle

60
Q

treat erysipelas

A

fast acting penicillin
prevent - live vaccine in water, 2 doses at 2-3w intervals. bacterin every 4w before start of egg production
zoonotic

61
Q

pullorum disease

A

Salmonella pullorum
bacillary white diarrhoea (sporadic in backyard flocks) acute septicaemia in young and latent infection in adults
signs = chicks = weakness, fast breathing, white/green/brown diarrhea. adults - decreased eggs, depress, decreased appetite
PM = necrotic foci on liver, lungs, enlarged spleen.
DD = colisepticaemia, S.gallinarum, IB, Aspergillosis

62
Q

fowl typhoid

A

S. gallinarum
acute = severe haemolytic anemia, adults more susceptible
signs = 4-5d incubation, immediate death after hatching, slow growth, poor appetite. adults - pale comb, poor appetite, swollen joints
PM = grey miliary necrosis in liver myocardium, peritonitis
DD = fowl cholera, S.pullorum, Staph, Erysipelas

63
Q

salmonella non specific for poultry

A

S.enteritidis, S. typhurium
doesn’t cause disease in poultry but excreted in environment
signs = in less than 2w old, depress, anorexia, diarrhea
PM = enlarged spleen and liver, maybe purulent arthritis

64
Q

salmonella arizonae

A

significant in turkeys
birds and reptiles are reservoirs, rodents spread
adults = chronic carriers, colonises ovaries - vertical trans
signs = mortality in first 3w of life, depress, closed eyes, ruffled feathers, blindness, diarrhea
PM = enlarged yellow liver w focal necrosis, enlarged gall bladder, retained yolk sac, blurred lens and retina. cystic ovaries

65
Q

diagnosis of salmonellosis

A

gold standard = bacteriology and culture
serotyping, ELISA, PCR

66
Q

treatment of salmonellosis

A

only in poultry in pain/suffering or to preserve important genetic material
eradication not possible due to reservoirs and environmental pollution

67
Q

prevention of salmonellosis

A

educate consumers, improve slaughterhouse hygiene, control on farms, salmonella free flocks, biosecurity, monitor flocks, immunoprophylaxis
pre and probiotics, essential oils etc

68
Q

vaccination salmonellosis

A

live attenuated - S.enteriditis, parents and layers on first day of life and booster 6-8w and 16-18w and 3w before laying in water
inactivated - S. enteritis, S. typhimorium, parenteral application, to decrease egg contamination, last vaccine at least 2w before laying

69
Q

human salmonellosis

A

gastroenteritis, septicaemia, osteomyelitis, pneumonia

70
Q
A

Chicken (4 decks)

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