Miscellaneous Flashcards
Democratic Decision-Making
Leaders encourage group discussion, and they believe in decision-making through consensus. They do make the final decision, after fully considering what other group members have said.
Introspection
Introspection is the conscious effort to evaluate and analyze one’s self-identity or parts of that identity. Introspection is the most significant mechanism for developing one’s self-identity.
Descriptive Statistics
lends to identifying general trends in data, through, for instance, recognition of the dispersion (variances).
Inferential Statistics
uses the findings of descriptive statistics to form conclusions that will support or negate the hypothesis.
Transactional analysis therapy
The main focus of transactional analysis therapy is the goal(s) agreed upon by the client and therapist, and is often laid out in a contract.
Integration
Discovering a new culture and adopting customs from that culture to develop one’s identity is integration.
Civil Liability
when the counselor commits a wrong against an individual that is unprofessional but NOT illegal. The client can sue the counselor for personal injury or damages, and they must have suffered harm or injury due to the negligence or incompetence of the counselor.
Criminal Liability
illegal behavior that causes damage to someone or something, including sexual relationships with underage or unwilling clients and practicing without a license.
Malpractice
Malpractice is a type of civil lawsuit that can be filed against a professional for practicing in a manner that leads to injury to a client.
Intersectionality
the idea that when it comes to thinking about how inequalities persist, categories like gender, race, and class are best understood as overlapping and mutually constitutive rather than isolated and distinct.
Caplan Consultation Model
The Caplan model is collaboration between a counselor, supervisor, and client in making a diagnosis. Consultation models are triadic and involve a consultant (like a counselor), a consultee (another professional), and a client.
Acculturation Definition
the process by which individuals assimilate the cultural norms of the groups or society to which they belong.
Two parts:
-The individual adopts another culture that is not his native culture.
-The group accepts the individual as a new member.
Assimilation (Acculturation)
This acculturation strategy involves learning as much information as one can about a new culture and adapting one’s lifestyle to match the expectations of that culture. It is used when maintaining unique cultural identity and characteristics is not a priority, and when relationships with other groups are important.
Separation (Acculturation)
This strategy is used when unique cultural identities and characteristics are important, but inter-groups relationships are not important. It refers to the process of separating oneself from the new culture in order to maintain the characteristics of one’s past culture.
Integration (Acculturation)
This strategy is useful when both unique cultural identity and inter-group relationships are important to maintain. Integration occurs when an individual decides to live as if they are a full member of the group.
Marginalization (Acculturation)
This strategy is possibly the least effective for complete acculturation. It is only used when neither unique cultural characteristics nor relationships with other cultural groups are desired. In this strategy, both the new culture and the native culture of the individual are abandoned.
4 Stages of Group Counseling
formative stage
the transition stage (includes storming and norming)
the working stage
the final/termination, stage.
Instrumental Leadership
Instrumental leadership focuses on achieving goals. Leaders who are dominantly instrumental work to maintain productivity and ensure that tasks are completed.
Expressive Leadership
Expressive leadership focuses on maintaining group cohesion. Leaders that are dominantly expressive work to maintain warm, friendly relationships and ensure the collective well-being of the group. They are sometimes lacking efficiency and organizational skills.
Individual political belief systems
Political belief systems form an individual’s opinions of the government, economic system, and various other social structures.
IPSN Approach to Documentation
The IPSN (individual psychotherapy session notes) approach to documentation is often used by newer counselors. The eight components include summary, client, therapist, interactions, problem, progress, plan, and other (like data).
Person-Center Group Counseling Goals
creating an environment and feeling of acceptance and warmth. The desired outcomes of a group are for members to develop awareness of themselves and others, to find self-actualization, to have an openness to experience, to feel less alienated, and to change one’s behavior.
Psychodrama Group Counseling
Psychodrama is a method where individuals use spontaneity, role playing, and dramatic self-expression to explore their thoughts and emotions and gain insight into their lives.
Adlerian Group Counseling
Adlerian group work emphasizes social development, cooperation, and education.
Cognitive-behavioral groups
Cognitive-behavioral group is a group approach that teaches individuals to notice and change unhealthy or unhelpful thought processes to change behaviors. Individuals are also taught positive coping skills.
Four domains of the Cultural Formation Interview
Cultural definition of the problem
Cultural concepts of cause, context, and support
Cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help-seeking behavior
Cultural factors affecting current help-seeking
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio Scale
The nominal scale is the least useful in analysis. It simply categorizes data with labels (i.e. ice cream flavors), but the labels have no numerical value and cannot be analyzed using anything except mode.
The ordinal scale is able to categorize as well as order/rank. Researchers can analyze variables with the ordinal scale using mode, median, and range.
The interval scale is able to categorize, order/rank, and has a measurable distance between numbers. Researchers can use all descriptive statistical measures to analyze interval scale variables.
The ratio scale has all the properties of the rest of the scales with the addition of a true zero, which allows for ratios to be determined.
According to Social Identity Theory, 3 factors that guide the development of a social identity
similarity, distinctiveness, and uncertainty reduction guide the development of social identity.
According to Social Identity Theory, the 3 parts or components of a social identity are
social comparison, social categorization, and social identification.
Marathon Groups are most common in what form of group?
Self-growth
5 Branches of Educational Psychology
-behavioral
-constructivist,
-cognitive,
-social cognitive
-developmental viewpoints.
5 Stages of Jozefowski’s grief progression
impact, chaos, adapting, equilibrium, and transformation
Difference Appreciation (Multicultural Awareness)
To develop multicultural awareness through difference appreciation, counselors will largely focus on avoiding stereotyping among cultural groups while also identifying unique features of different cultures.
5 Major Theories of Human Development
- Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory
- Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
- Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
- Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
- Bandura’s Social Learning Theory.
Etic
The etic approach focuses on developing theories that can be applied universally and on testing the generalizability of theories across diverse groups.
Emic
The emic approach focuses on developing theories specific to an individual cultural group or on identifying culturally specific factors.
Perseveration
Perseveration is repetitive and continuous behavior. It could be speech, thought, or action that a person keeps repeating without being able to control themselves from doing it. Perseveration meaning is to do something repeatedly without being able to stop.
