Miscellaneous

Question 1

Democratic Decision-Making

Answer 1

Leaders encourage group discussion, and they believe in decision-making through consensus. They do make the final decision, after fully considering what other group members have said.

Question 2

Introspection

Answer 2

Introspection is the conscious effort to evaluate and analyze one’s self-identity or parts of that identity. Introspection is the most significant mechanism for developing one’s self-identity.

Question 3

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 3

lends to identifying general trends in data, through, for instance, recognition of the dispersion (variances).

Question 4

Inferential Statistics

Answer 4

uses the findings of descriptive statistics to form conclusions that will support or negate the hypothesis.

Question 5

Transactional analysis therapy

Answer 5

The main focus of transactional analysis therapy is the goal(s) agreed upon by the client and therapist, and is often laid out in a contract.

Question 6

Integration

Answer 6

Discovering a new culture and adopting customs from that culture to develop one’s identity is integration.

Question 7

Civil Liability

Answer 7

when the counselor commits a wrong against an individual that is unprofessional but NOT illegal. The client can sue the counselor for personal injury or damages, and they must have suffered harm or injury due to the negligence or incompetence of the counselor.

Question 8

Criminal Liability

Answer 8

illegal behavior that causes damage to someone or something, including sexual relationships with underage or unwilling clients and practicing without a license.

Question 9

Malpractice

Answer 9

Malpractice is a type of civil lawsuit that can be filed against a professional for practicing in a manner that leads to injury to a client.

Question 10

Intersectionality

Answer 10

the idea that when it comes to thinking about how inequalities persist, categories like gender, race, and class are best understood as overlapping and mutually constitutive rather than isolated and distinct.

Question 11

Caplan Consultation Model

Answer 11

The Caplan model is collaboration between a counselor, supervisor, and client in making a diagnosis. Consultation models are triadic and involve a consultant (like a counselor), a consultee (another professional), and a client.

Question 12

Acculturation Definition

Answer 12

the process by which individuals assimilate the cultural norms of the groups or society to which they belong.

Two parts:
-The individual adopts another culture that is not his native culture.
-The group accepts the individual as a new member.

Question 13

Assimilation (Acculturation)

Answer 13

This acculturation strategy involves learning as much information as one can about a new culture and adapting one’s lifestyle to match the expectations of that culture. It is used when maintaining unique cultural identity and characteristics is not a priority, and when relationships with other groups are important.

Question 14

Separation (Acculturation)

Answer 14

This strategy is used when unique cultural identities and characteristics are important, but inter-groups relationships are not important. It refers to the process of separating oneself from the new culture in order to maintain the characteristics of one’s past culture.

Question 15

Integration (Acculturation)

Answer 15

This strategy is useful when both unique cultural identity and inter-group relationships are important to maintain. Integration occurs when an individual decides to live as if they are a full member of the group.

Question 16

Marginalization (Acculturation)

Answer 16

This strategy is possibly the least effective for complete acculturation. It is only used when neither unique cultural characteristics nor relationships with other cultural groups are desired. In this strategy, both the new culture and the native culture of the individual are abandoned.

Question 17

4 Stages of Group Counseling

Answer 17

formative stage

the transition stage (includes storming and norming)

the working stage

the final/termination, stage.

Question 18

Instrumental Leadership

Answer 18

Instrumental leadership focuses on achieving goals. Leaders who are dominantly instrumental work to maintain productivity and ensure that tasks are completed.

Question 19

Expressive Leadership

Answer 19

Expressive leadership focuses on maintaining group cohesion. Leaders that are dominantly expressive work to maintain warm, friendly relationships and ensure the collective well-being of the group. They are sometimes lacking efficiency and organizational skills.

Question 20

Individual political belief systems

Answer 20

Political belief systems form an individual’s opinions of the government, economic system, and various other social structures.

Question 21

IPSN Approach to Documentation

Answer 21

The IPSN (individual psychotherapy session notes) approach to documentation is often used by newer counselors. The eight components include summary, client, therapist, interactions, problem, progress, plan, and other (like data).

Question 22

Person-Center Group Counseling Goals

Answer 22

creating an environment and feeling of acceptance and warmth. The desired outcomes of a group are for members to develop awareness of themselves and others, to find self-actualization, to have an openness to experience, to feel less alienated, and to change one’s behavior.

Question 23

Psychodrama Group Counseling

Answer 23

Psychodrama is a method where individuals use spontaneity, role playing, and dramatic self-expression to explore their thoughts and emotions and gain insight into their lives.

Question 24

Adlerian Group Counseling

Answer 24

Adlerian group work emphasizes social development, cooperation, and education.

Question 25

Cognitive-behavioral groups

Answer 25

Cognitive-behavioral group is a group approach that teaches individuals to notice and change unhealthy or unhelpful thought processes to change behaviors. Individuals are also taught positive coping skills.

Question 26

Four domains of the Cultural Formation Interview

Answer 26

Cultural definition of the problem

Cultural concepts of cause, context, and support

Cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help-seeking behavior

Cultural factors affecting current help-seeking

Question 27

Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio Scale

Answer 27

The nominal scale is the least useful in analysis. It simply categorizes data with labels (i.e. ice cream flavors), but the labels have no numerical value and cannot be analyzed using anything except mode.

The ordinal scale is able to categorize as well as order/rank. Researchers can analyze variables with the ordinal scale using mode, median, and range.

The interval scale is able to categorize, order/rank, and has a measurable distance between numbers. Researchers can use all descriptive statistical measures to analyze interval scale variables.

The ratio scale has all the properties of the rest of the scales with the addition of a true zero, which allows for ratios to be determined.

Question 28

According to Social Identity Theory, 3 factors that guide the development of a social identity

Answer 28

similarity, distinctiveness, and uncertainty reduction guide the development of social identity.

Question 29

According to Social Identity Theory, the 3 parts or components of a social identity are

Answer 29

social comparison, social categorization, and social identification.

Question 30

Marathon Groups are most common in what form of group?

Answer 30

Self-growth

Question 31

5 Branches of Educational Psychology

Answer 31

-behavioral
-constructivist,
-cognitive,
-social cognitive
-developmental viewpoints.

Question 32

5 Stages of Jozefowski’s grief progression

Answer 32

impact, chaos, adapting, equilibrium, and transformation

Question 33

Difference Appreciation (Multicultural Awareness)

Answer 33

To develop multicultural awareness through difference appreciation, counselors will largely focus on avoiding stereotyping among cultural groups while also identifying unique features of different cultures.

Question 34

5 Major Theories of Human Development

Answer 34

1. Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory
2. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
3. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
4. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
5. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory.

Question 35

Etic

Answer 35

The etic approach focuses on developing theories that can be applied universally and on testing the generalizability of theories across diverse groups.

Question 36

Emic

Answer 36

The emic approach focuses on developing theories specific to an individual cultural group or on identifying culturally specific factors.

Question 37

Perseveration

Answer 37

Perseveration is repetitive and continuous behavior. It could be speech, thought, or action that a person keeps repeating without being able to control themselves from doing it. Perseveration meaning is to do something repeatedly without being able to stop.