Career Counseling Flashcards
Trait-and-factor-matching theory.
E. G. Williamson based on his knowledge of Frank Parsons, the father of guidance. Relies on tests and assessments to match traits, aptitude, and interests with a given occupation.
John Holland’s six personality and six work environments career typology
Visually depicted with a hexagon that includes six personality types/work environments: realistic (machine shop worker or dog walker), investigative (researcher or chemist), artistic (singer or book author), social (teacher or counselor!), enterprising (sales personnel or business owner), and conventional (secretary or file clerk). RIASEC, if you will. Congruence between the person and the job is emphasized. Person is categorized using three digit codes such as SEC.
Donald Super’s self-concept and developmental stage theory.
Life Span/Life Space model. Self-concept, as well as career/vocational maturity, influences one’s career throughout the life span. His life rainbow helps clients conceptualize their roles as a child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, spouse, homemaker, parent, and pensioner.
Anne Roe’s early childhood needs-theory approach.
Vocational choice is related to personality development at a young age. Is the client person-oriented (teaching) or nonperson-oriented (computer programming)? Roe was influenced by Freudian psychoanalytic doctrines (the importance of the parent–child relationship) as well as Maslow. Roe’s work has generated a wealth of research. Studies do not totally support this approach, however, it is extremely difficult to control the longitudinal variables involved. The Vocational Interest Inventory (VII) and the Career Occupational Preference System make use of Roe’s fields and levels taxonomy.
John Krumboltz’s learning theory of career counseling (LTCC).
Initially dubbed as a social learning theory. Four factors can be used to simplify the career development process: (1) genetic endowment and unique abilities; (2) environmental conditions and life events; (3) learning experiences (either Pavlovian, social learning theory, or Skinnerian); and (4) task approach skills (problem solving, cognitive responses, and emotional patterns). Research validates the original social learning theory, but additional studies are needed to back up the newer learning theory of career counseling.
Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma’s developmental approach … aka the Ginzberg Group … or Ginzberg and Associates.
Created by an economist, a psychiatrist, a sociologist, and a psychologist. The first developmental approach to occupational choice. The developmental stages are: ages 11 and under—fantasy; early adolescence, ages 11 to 17—tentative; and age 17 into early adulthood—realistic. Original hypothesis was that career choice was irreversible was later dropped. (Exploration, Crystallization, Specification)
Mark Savickas’ career construction postmodern theory.
Savickas, who worked with Donald Super, is critical of most traditional theories. His work is heavily rooted in narrative therapy in which the client’s life is viewed as a story he or she has constructed, and intervention focuses on recurring themes to re-author the story.
Social cognitive counseling theory (SCCT).
Focuses on how one’s belief system impacts career choice.
Linda Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription
(phase one: rule out certain jobs notacceptable for gender, stereotypes, and social class) and compromise (phase two: changemind, major etc. if career path is not truly realistic).This is a developmental approach taking one’s childhood into account. Social space refers to the zone or territory of jobs where he or she fits into society.
