Miscellaneous Flashcards
1
Q
It as a system includes—4
A
- Hardware
- Software
- Networking Elements
- Users Themselves
2
Q
What is system integration?
A
IT infrastructure includes a variety of different systems.
Organizations use different systems in various areas which often need to work together, perhaps by even retrieving data from one another.
3
Q
What is software development?
A
Software systems implement various algorithms that transform data from one form to another, perform calculations, manipulate files, or complete other tasks that might be repetitive, time-consuming or dangerous to an employee.
4
Q
What are the 5 main computing disciplines?
A
- Computer Engineering
- Computer Science
- Software engineering
- Information Systems
- Information technology
5
Q
What is computer engineering?
A
Focuses on the design of hardware systems and the software that makes them work
6
Q
What is computer engineering?
A
focuses on the design of hardware systems and the software that makes them work
7
Q
IT as a system includes? (4)
A
- Hardware
- Software
- Networking Elements
- Users themselves
8
Q
What is system integration?
A
IT infrastructure includes a variety of different systems. Organizations use different systems in various areas which often need to work together, perhaps by even retrieving data from one another.
9
Q
What is software development?
A
Software systems implement various algorithms that transform data from one form to another, perform calculations, manipulate files, or complete other tasks that may be repetitive, time-consuming, or dangerous to an employee.
10
Q
What are the 5 main computing disciplines
A
- Computer engineering
- Computer science
- Software engineering
- Information systems
- Information technology
11
Q
What is computer engineering?
A
Focuses on the design of hardware systems and the software that makes them work.
12
Q
Which of the 5 computing disciplines would write drivers for peripheral devices?
A
Computer engineering
13
Q
Which of the 5 computing disciplines would address the development of solutions that use computers embedded in other devices such as alarm systems, refrigerators, and self-driving cars?
A
Computer Engineering
14
Q
Which of the 5 computing disciplines deals with robotics?
A
Computer Science
15
Q
Which of the 5 computing disciplines deals with artificial intelligence
A
Computer Science
16
Q
Which of the 5 computing disciplines focuses on development and maintenance of reliable and efficient software?
A
Software engineering
17
Q
Which of the 5 computing disciplines addresses systems that generate, process, and distribute information?
A
Information systems
18
Q
Which of the 5 computing disciplines supports organizational communication and collaborates with their design and implementation?
A
Information systems
19
Q
Which of the 5 computing disciplines responds to the practical needs of an organization?
A
Information Technology
20
Q
What is the data pyramid?
A
A concept that visualizes the data-information-knowledge-wisdom hierarchy
21
Q
What are the 4 main concepts of the data pyramid from top (point) to bottom (base)
A
- Wisdom: Applied—it is dark, I better turn the light on
- Knowledge Context—The room I am working in is getting dark
- Information: Meaning—it is 638 PM the light switch is turned off
- Data: Raw—1838, on, off
22
Q
What questions should you ask of data to process it into a usable form?
A
Who, What, Where, Why, and How?
23
Q
Information can be _________________ or _____________
A
Structured or Unstructured
24
Q
What is the key word associated with knowledge?
A
Context
25
What is connectedness wisdom?
Essential the path to connected understanding when interpreting data. It is that human element leveraging intelligent technology components when attempting to make fact-based decisions.
26
What are a couple of examples of structured data?
Contact information such as first name last name, email address, and phone number.
Also, quantitative fields like DOB, Date of Transaction, and the amount received or due.
27
What are some examples of unstructured data
| 4
1. Unstructured data includes data stored in a text or video format
2. Comments on a web page
3. Text messages,
4. Video presentations or conferences
28
What is the difference between structured and unstructured data
The form in which it is stored.
29
What are the 3 core variations of cloud based (Data management) systems
1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
2. Platform as service (PaaS)
3. Software as a service (SaaS)
30
What is laaS and what does it provide
Infrastructure as a service cloud based system
Provides access in a virtualized environment and the computing resources are composed of virtualized hardware. This includes things like network connections, virtual server space, and load balancers.
31
What is PaaS and what does it do?
Platform as a service cloud system
Customers have access to a platform that supports the development and management of web applications. Enables quicker development life cycles and reduced infrastructure requirements since the majority of the processing happens in the cloud rather than on local storage and processor resources.
32
What is the difference between PaaS and IaaS?
The difference lies in who manages the switching, routing, and operating systems.
If the client is responsible for licensing the OS and managing the back-end networking, it is considered IaaS.
If the cloud service provider is responsible for licensing the OS and back-end storage and networking, it is considered PaaS
33
What is SaaS and what does it do?
Software as a service cloud system
The software is licensed to customers with subscriptions and central hosting.
34
What are some examples of SaaS cloud systems?
| 3
1. Gmail
2. Google Docs
3. Microsoft Office 365
35
What is ERP
Stores system and sales records, finance, enterprise resource planning.
36
Good Data enables businesses to: (7)
1. Analyze current financial state of the organization in terms of net profits, revenues, cash flow, assets and liabilities
2. Increase revenue through better targeting of products and increased customer satisfaction.
3. Examine existing production processes to take corrective action, improve efficiency, and lower costs.
4. Develop new, automated, processes that integrate harmoniously into existing workflows and reduce demands on labor
5. Gather competitive information on produc and pricing decisions to stay ahead of competitors
6. Make evidence-based decisions that utilize verifiable data to maximize profits and efficiency
7. Understand business value by exploiting rapid changes in information and generating insights from diverse data sources to widen the competitive differentiation gap
37
What are 3 general steps for transforming institutional knowledge into implantable data solutions:
1. Capturing
2. Analyzing
3. Using
38
What is data hygiene?
Refers to the processes of ensuring the cleanliness of data (ie that the data is relatively error-free)
39
What can cause dirty data? (3)
1. Duplicate Records
2. Incomplete or Outdated Data
3. Mistakes introduced as data is entered stored and managed
40
What is data scrubbing?
The process of amending or removing data in a database that is incorrect, incomplete, improperly formatted, or duplicated.
41
What does the process of data scrubbing usually involve?
Updating, standardizing, and de-duplicating records to create a single view of the data even if it is stored in multiple systems.
42
What is duplicate Data
Two or more identical records
43
What is conflicting data?
The same records with differing attributes
44
What is incomplete data
Missing attributes
45
What is invalid data?
Attributes not conforming to standardization
46
What is unsynchronized data
Data that is not appropriately shared between two systems.
47
What is quality data
Data that is precise, valid, reliable, timely, and complete.
Data is complete and thorough
48
When is quality data valid
When it meets requirements of the data collection process.
49
What are some examples of input?
Raw data entered by a user or acquired from a data source
50
Name some examples of computer hardware?
| 5
Monitors,
mouses,
Tablets,
keyboards and
smartphones
51
What is the motherboard?
(Add Clarifier)
Add Footnote
A
The motherboard is at the center of what makes a computer work. It houses the CPU and serves as the brain of the system. It allocates resources such as power and communicates with all other components.
52
What is a CPU
Central Proccessing unit. Processes the data from the programs the computer runs.
53
What is RAM
Random-access memory. Occupies the memory slots of the CPU and keeps that data immediately accessible.
54
What is a hard Drive?
Storage device that permanently stores data or temporarily stores data in a paging file system.
55
What is a computers paging feature and which component does it work closely with?
The paging feature is a built-in mechanism that permits data to be moved from the RAM to the Hard Drive when the amount of memory in use exceeds the memory available in the computer system.
56
What are the two common types of networks?
LAN and WANS
57
What are LANs
Local area networks
LANs span a single home, school, or office building and provide a connection for devices that are within the same network
58
What are WANs
Wide area networks
WANs span across cities, states, or even the world. The internet is the world’s largest public wide area network .
59
What are the two types of network design?
1. Client to server
2. Peer to Peer
60
What kind of situation is client-server networks common?
Organizations
61
Where are peer-to-peer networks common?
Small offices and homes.
62
What is physical topology?
The actual layout of how systems are placed in the network.
63
What are the two different perspectives considered when designing a network?
1. Logical
2. Physical
64
Local topology is extremely important when considering things like ______ 3.
1. Load balancing normal traffic
2. Network backups
3. Replication of data.
65
What are the (4) most common network topology layouts?
1. Bus
2. Star
3. Ring
4. Mesh
66
What are protocols?
Languages supporting data exchange between computers
67
What is the most popular network protocol?
TCP/IP
68
Network routers, access points, and switches are examples of what?
Special-purpose computer systems.
69
Name a semiconductor material used in computers?
Silicon
70
What are semiconductors?
A silicon chip that miniaturized transistors.
71
What are microprocessors?
Microprocessors include thousands of integrated circuits on a single silicon strip.
72
Name four developments in the fourth generation of computers.
1. Microprocessors
2. Graphical user interfaces
3. Mouse
4. handheld devices
73
Name two operating systems developed during the fourth generation of computers. (There are more than two.)
1. MS-DOs
2. Microsoft Windows.
74
What is the calculation speed of fourth generation computers?
Picoseconds (one trillionth of a second)
75
What is parallel processing?
Multiple programs running concurrently
76
Name 3 emerging technologies that are expected to significantly contribute to the abilities of fifth-generation computers?
1. Quantum computing
2. Molecular technology
3. Nanotechnology
77
What is quantum computing?
The study of a non-classical model of computation.
78
Why are quantum computers more efficient than modern computing?
Quantum tunneling
79
How much are quantum computers expected to reduce power consumption?
Expected to reduce power consumption from 100 to 1,000 times what is currently available.
80
What is Nanotechnology and Molecular Manufacturing?
Involves the use of nanoscale (extremely small) tools and nonbiological processes to build structures, devices, and systems at the molecular level.
Technology based on the ability to build structures to complex, atomic specifications by means of mechanism thesis or reaction outcomes determined by the use of mechanical constraints.
81
What does a CPU do?
Processes all information from programs run by the computer.
82
How is processor speed measured?
gigahertz (GHz)
83
Where is RAM found in a computer?
In the memory slots on the motherboard
84
What does RAM do?
To temporarily store information created by programs and to do so in a way that makes the dad immediately accessible.
85
Name 4 tasks that require RAM
1. Rendering images
2. Editing video
3. Editing photographs
4. Multitasking with multiple applications open.
86
What does a hard drive do?
Stores permanent and temporary data.
87
What are the two different types of storage devices?
1. HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
2. SSD (Solid-State Drives)
88
How do Hard Disks Work?
Storage that works by writing binary data onto spinning magnetic discs called platters that rotate at high speeds.
89
How do SSD work?
Stores data by using static flash memory chips
90
What is the difference between on-board graphic capabilities and dedicated graphics cards?
Graphics cards interface with the motherboard via an expansion slow to work almost exclusively on graphic rendering.
Modern GPU’s fulfill broad computational workloads beyond just rendering making them an extension of the CPU.
91
What is an Expansion Card?
It’s a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an electrical connector or expansion slot on a computer motherboard, backplane, or riser card to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus.
92
What is an expansion bus?
A computer bus that moves information between the internal hardware of a computer system (including the CPU and RAM) and peripheral devices.
It is a collection of wires and protocols that allows for the expansion of a computer.
93
What are other names for Expansion cards?
Expansion board
Adapter Card
Accessory Card
94
What are the three major components of computer hardware?
1. CPU
2. Storage
3. Peripheral Devices
95
What are peripheral devices and what do they support?
peripheral devices support input and output operations of the system. (Monitors, mouse, keyboard, printers etc.)
96
What piece of hardware often has a fan mounted to the top of it?
CPU
97
What is the primary hardware component in a computer
motherboard. All other parts including the CPU, Storage, RAM, Etc are plugged into the motherboard
98
What is the smallest form of memory your computer has and where is it stored?
Cache is the smallest unit of memory in the computer and it’s stored in the CPU
99
What tech replaced BIOS
UEFI
100
What is the difference between ports and slots?
Slots are internal
Ports are external
101
What are the 3 parts of a CPU?
1. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which contains circuitry that performs operations on data, such as addition and subtraction.
2. The control unit, which contains the circuitry coordinating the machine’s activities
3. the processor register which contains data storage cells called registers
102
What are registers?
high speed storage areas in the CPU.
103
Where must all data be stored before it can be processed?
in the CPU register
104
To perform an operation on data stored in the main memory, the control unit (4)
1. transfers data from main memory into the registers.
2. informs the ALU which registers hold the data
3. activates the ALU
4. tells the ALU which register should receive the results.
105
What does the MAR do?
holds the memory location of data that needs to be accessed.
106
What does the MDR do?
Holds data that is being transferred to or from memory
107
What does the AC do?
holds the ALU results
108
What does the program counter do?
holds the address of the next program instruction to be executed.
109
What does the CIR do?
Holds the current instruction during processing.
110
What are 5 types of registers?
1. MAR
2. MDR
3. AC
4. PC
5. CIR
111
What is RAM also sometimes referred to?
Primary or main memory
112
What are hard drives sometimes referred to?
permanent memory, secondary memory
113
What is the differences between RAM and Hard Drive memory?
RAM is fast and is directly accessible by the CPU. Loading data from the secondary to primary memory allows the CPU to operate faster.
114
What does each RAM partition consist of?
what form does it take?
and address and it’s contents.
Found in binary form
115
What is ROM used for?
booting up the system and initializing different computer components.
116
What are busses?
wires that serve as electrical roadways, transmitting information between the CPU and other components.
117
What are 3 kinds of buses?
1. Address buses
2. Data buses
3. Control buses
118
What does the address bus do?
Carries the destination address of where the data is assigned to be processed
119
What is the system unit?
encases various components such as the motherboard, CPU, RAM, power supply and any other internally installed components.
often used to differentiate between the computer and it’s peripheral devices.
120
What are the components of the motherboard?
Holds the CPU, RAM and ROM chips, as well as other hardware components.
121
What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
RAM is volatile meaning its contents are lost when the computer is shut off
ROM is nonvolatile memory, it keeps its contents whether the computer is on or off and generally contains instructions for starting up the computer.
122
What is the system clock and what does it do?
The system clock sends out a pulse of electricity at regular intervals. The electronic components of the computer need these pulses in order to operate. The more pulses sent out by the system clock, the faster the computer.
123
How is the system clock speed commonly measured?
megahertz (MHz) which converts to millions of pulses per second
gigahertz (GHz) which converts to billions of pulses per second.
124
Name 3 common types of expansion cards
1. graphics
2. sound
3. network cards
125
What are ports? name 3 examples.
sockets that allow cables to be plugged in without opening the system unit.
1. Serial
2. parallel
3. USB
126
Name 5 types of secondary storage
1. floppy
2. hard drive
3. flash drive
4. magnetic tape
5. optical discs (CDs and DVDs)
127
What is the smallest unit of storage and what is it set to?
bit is the smallest unit of storage
bits are set to a 0 or a 1
128
what is a byte?
a byte contains 8 bits.
129
how much information is contained in a single byte?
enough information to store a single character such as the letter “M”
130
How many bytes are in 1 KB
1024x1024
131
How many KB is in one MB
1,024
132
How many MB is in one GB
1,024
133
How many GB in one TB
1,024
134
How many TB in one PB
1,024
135
What are communication devices and what do they do?
communication devices allow a computer to send and receive data to and from other computers
136
What is an example of communication devices?
| 5
modems.
network cards
satellite
wireless
bluetooth
137
How do modems send information?
over a phone line or a coaxial cable.
138
How do network cards send information?
over dedicated network cables.
139
how do satellite communicate
using radio signals and orbiting satellites to receive and send data from one system to another.
140
What are supercomputers?
they are the biggest and fastest computers designed to process huge amounts of data.
141
How are supercomputers built?
as a system of thousands of interconnected processors.
142
What are supercomputers useful for? (4)
1. Scientific and engineering applications such as
2. weather forecasting
3. scientific simulations
4. nuclear energy research
143
