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Foundations2 > MISC2 > Flashcards

MISC2 Flashcards

0
Q

Wnt pathway amplified what? is it pro cell growth?

A

cell proliferative
APC normally inhibits wnt pathway (deleted in FAP)
Wnt amplified TERT

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1
Q

TERT

A

telomerase reverase transcriptase

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2
Q

TAM

A

tumor associated macrophages

2 types: M1 early stage (normal O2 tension), M2 late stage (hypoxic areas)

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3
Q

Role of mast cells in cancer?

A

release growth factor, facilitate angiogenesis, MMP, chemokines

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4
Q

hTR?

A

RNA template on TERT

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5
Q

where do you have telomerase?

A

neoplastic cells

stem cells

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6
Q

Warburg effect

A

w/o hypoxia: cancers use glycolysis instead of oxphos

w/ hypoxia: glutamine used to drive TCA cycle; w/o glucose

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7
Q

HGF role in tumor devo?

A

promote proliferation and progression

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8
Q

hyaluronic acid (hyalluronan) role in cancer?

A

binds CD44 on tumor cell

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9
Q

TGF beta in cancer?

A

promotes tumor prolif

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10
Q

EMT?

A

epithelial to membrane transport

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11
Q

Factors that promote EMT?

A

GF, collagen, MMP, TGF beta

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12
Q

EMT phenotype changes?

A
  1. decrease E-cadherin (cell adehsion molecule) -> loss polarity
  2. change intermediate filaments (increase vimentin, decrease keratins))
  3. increase motility (increas MMP and fibronectin)
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13
Q

2 ways of cell migration in tumro?

A

individual cell and collective cell migrations

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14
Q

2 way cell enter and travel througgh blood

A

Intravasation (regulated by microenvirone) and extravasation (leukocyte emmigration similar)

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15
Q

Imaging that gives structural info only

A

U/S
Xray
CT

16
Q

Imaging that gives structural and functional info

A

MRI
PET
Gamma camera/Spect

17
Q

U/S what color indicates dense?

A

black is less dense

white is more dense

18
Q

Apple core lesion?

A

CT scan, classic look of colon cancer

19
Q

Gamma camera?

A

detects gamma rays from radiopharmaceuticals

2D

20
Q

SPECT

A

3D version of gamma camera

21
Q

PET functional imaging?

A

FDG or F18 (glucosee)

measure glucose uptake of tumor; independent of size

22
Q

Transmission v Emissions imaging

A

Transmission- energy into body (Xray, CT, US)

Emission- energy out from body (PET, SPECT, gamma camera)

23
Q

X ray contrast?

A

iodine (careful with shelllfish allergies)

24
Q

mA

A

number of photons emitted in xray beam

higher mA= higher resolution, but greater radiation exposuree

25
Q

Xray v gamma ray?

A

Xray is manmade
Gamma ray is natural
energetically the same

26
Q

Brachytherapy: what is it? what is it good for?

A

radioactive source is implanted near the tumor
good fo hypoxic cells and slow proliferating cells
But tumor has to be weell demarcated; not for metastasizing tumors
prostate cervical endometrial

27
Q

IORT: commonly for what?

A

intraoperative radiation therapy

Rectal, sarcoma, pancreatic

28
Q

TBI: commonly used for what?

A

total body irradiation

done with stem cell transplant (eradicate stem cells and replaced)

29
Q

SRS: common for?

A

stereotactic radiosurgery

brain

30
Q

SBRT: common for?

A

stereotactic ablative radiation therapy

lungs liver, vertebral bodies

31
Q

SIRT: common for/

A

Stereotactic internal radiation therapy
glass beads with radioactive elements
liver (inject to femoral artery in leg –> heaptic arteryy to liver)

32
Q

DiGeorge’s syndrome

A

no thymus; immunocompromiised

33
Q

SCID

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome

mutated IL-7R on T progenitor -> no T or B cell devo

34
Q

Bare lymphocyte syndrome

A

no MHCs

35
Q

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED)

A

AIRE mutation –> death from sever autoimmune disease

36
Q

Lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity

A

CTLA-4 deficiency

37
Q

Hyper IgM syndrome

A

mutated CD40L –> high IgM, low IgG

Foundations2 (17 decks)

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