MISC2 Flashcards
Wnt pathway amplified what? is it pro cell growth?
cell proliferative
APC normally inhibits wnt pathway (deleted in FAP)
Wnt amplified TERT
TERT
telomerase reverase transcriptase
TAM
tumor associated macrophages
2 types: M1 early stage (normal O2 tension), M2 late stage (hypoxic areas)
Role of mast cells in cancer?
release growth factor, facilitate angiogenesis, MMP, chemokines
hTR?
RNA template on TERT
where do you have telomerase?
neoplastic cells
stem cells
Warburg effect
w/o hypoxia: cancers use glycolysis instead of oxphos
w/ hypoxia: glutamine used to drive TCA cycle; w/o glucose
HGF role in tumor devo?
promote proliferation and progression
hyaluronic acid (hyalluronan) role in cancer?
binds CD44 on tumor cell
TGF beta in cancer?
promotes tumor prolif
EMT?
epithelial to membrane transport
Factors that promote EMT?
GF, collagen, MMP, TGF beta
EMT phenotype changes?
- decrease E-cadherin (cell adehsion molecule) -> loss polarity
- change intermediate filaments (increase vimentin, decrease keratins))
- increase motility (increas MMP and fibronectin)
2 ways of cell migration in tumro?
individual cell and collective cell migrations
2 way cell enter and travel througgh blood
Intravasation (regulated by microenvirone) and extravasation (leukocyte emmigration similar)
Imaging that gives structural info only
U/S
Xray
CT
Imaging that gives structural and functional info
MRI
PET
Gamma camera/Spect
U/S what color indicates dense?
black is less dense
white is more dense
Apple core lesion?
CT scan, classic look of colon cancer
Gamma camera?
detects gamma rays from radiopharmaceuticals
2D
SPECT
3D version of gamma camera
PET functional imaging?
FDG or F18 (glucosee)
measure glucose uptake of tumor; independent of size
Transmission v Emissions imaging
Transmission- energy into body (Xray, CT, US)
Emission- energy out from body (PET, SPECT, gamma camera)
X ray contrast?
iodine (careful with shelllfish allergies)
mA
number of photons emitted in xray beam
higher mA= higher resolution, but greater radiation exposuree
Xray v gamma ray?
Xray is manmade
Gamma ray is natural
energetically the same
Brachytherapy: what is it? what is it good for?
radioactive source is implanted near the tumor
good fo hypoxic cells and slow proliferating cells
But tumor has to be weell demarcated; not for metastasizing tumors
prostate cervical endometrial
IORT: commonly for what?
intraoperative radiation therapy
Rectal, sarcoma, pancreatic
TBI: commonly used for what?
total body irradiation
done with stem cell transplant (eradicate stem cells and replaced)
SRS: common for?
stereotactic radiosurgery
brain
SBRT: common for?
stereotactic ablative radiation therapy
lungs liver, vertebral bodies
SIRT: common for/
Stereotactic internal radiation therapy
glass beads with radioactive elements
liver (inject to femoral artery in leg –> heaptic arteryy to liver)
DiGeorge’s syndrome
no thymus; immunocompromiised
SCID
Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome
mutated IL-7R on T progenitor -> no T or B cell devo
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
no MHCs
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED)
AIRE mutation –> death from sever autoimmune disease
Lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity
CTLA-4 deficiency
Hyper IgM syndrome
mutated CD40L –> high IgM, low IgG
