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NPTE -- Neuro > Misc Information > Flashcards

Misc Information Flashcards

1
Q

Modifited Ashworth Scale

A

Measures spasticity

0 = no increase in muscle tone

1 = sightl increase in tone (catch/release, min resistance at EROM)

1+ = slight incrase in tone (catch folowed by min resistance for remainder (less than 1/2) of ROM)

2 = more marked increase in tone through most of ROM

3 = considerable incrase in tone, PROM difficult

4 = rigid in flexion or extension

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2
Q

Purpose of semicircular canals

A

responsd to movement of head motion

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3
Q

Purpose of otolith organs

A

Measure effects of gravity and movement with regard to acceleration/decceleration

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4
Q

VOR

A

vestibulo-occular reflex

  • allows to head/eye coordination
  • supports gaze stability
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5
Q

VSR

A

vestibulospinal reflex

  • attempt to stabilize body/control movement
  • assists with stabiltiy while head is moveing
  • coordinates trunk during upright posture
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6
Q

Atomatic Postural Strategies

A
  1. Ankle: 1st used, small range, slow velocity perturbation, distal to proximal contraction at ankle to control sway
  2. Hip: greater force challenge or perturbation through hip/pelvis, hips move opposite the head, proximal to distal contraction to counteract LOB
  3. Suspensory: lower COG during standing/ambulation for better control
  4. Stepping: unexpected challenge/perturbation during static standing that place COG outside BOS, LE step, UE reach
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7
Q

Peripheral Vertigo (4)

A
  1. Episodic/short duration
  2. Automic symptoms present
  3. Precipitating factor
  4. Pallor, sweat, N/V, auitory fullness, tinnitus
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8
Q

Causes of Peripheral Vertigo

A
  1. BPPV
  2. Meniere’s disease
  3. Infection/Trauma/Tumor
  4. Metabolic diosders
  5. Acute alcohol intoxication
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9
Q

Central Vertigo (3)

A
  1. Autonomic symptoms less severe
  2. Loss of consciousness can occur
  3. diplopia, hemianopsia, weakness, numbness, ataxia, dysarthria
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10
Q

Causes of Central Vertigo (5)

A
  1. Meningitis
  2. Mingraine HA
  3. Ear infection/Trauma/Tumor
  4. Cerebellar degernation disorders
  5. MS
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11
Q

BPPV most commonly affects which canal?

A

Posterior

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12
Q

Spontaneous Nystagmus

A
  1. Caused by imbalance of vestibular signals
  2. Due to acute vestibular lesions, lasts 24 hours
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13
Q

Peripheral nystagmus

A

Occurs with peripheral vestibular lesion and is inhibitis when the patient fixates their vision on an objects

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14
Q

Central nystagmus

A

Occus with a central lesion of the brainstem/cerebellus and is not inhibited by visual fixation on an object

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15
Q

Positional nystagmus

A
  1. Induced by change in head position
  2. Semicircular canals stimulate the nystagmus, typically only lasts a few seconds
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16
Q

Gazed evoked nystagmus

A
  1. occurs when the eyes shift from a primary to alternate position
  2. caused by inability to maintain stable gaze
  3. indicative of CNS pathology such as TBI and MS
17
Q

Central vs. Peripheral Nystagmus

  1. Direction
  2. Visual Fixation
  3. Vertgio
  4. Length of symptoms
  5. Etiology
A
  1. C = bi/unilateral, P = unilateral with fast movement opp side of lesion
  2. C = no inhibitation, P = inhibit nystagmus and vertigo
  3. C = mild, P = significant
  4. C = may be chronic, P = min, day, week, finite period, recurring
  5. C = demyelination, vascular, cancer/tumor, P = meniere’s, vascular, trauma, toxicity, infection of inner ear
18
Q

Fluent Aphasia (5)

A
  1. Frequently involves temporal lobe
  2. Word ouput/speech production functional
  3. Rhythmic but empty speech, lacks substance,
  4. Use paraphasia and neologisms
  5. Types: Wernicke’s, Conduction
19
Q

Non-fluent Aphasia (5)

A
  1. Frequently involves frontal lobe
  2. Poor word output and articulation
  3. Dysprosodic speech with content present and syntatical words impaired
  4. Increased effort for speech
  5. Types: Broca’s, Global, Verbal Apraxia, Dysarthria
20
Q

Wernicke’s (Receptive) Aphasia (4)

A
  1. Lesion in posterior region of superior temporal gyrus
  2. Comprehension impaired
  3. Good articulation with paraphasias

4, Impaired writing and naming ability

21
Q

Conduction Aphasia (4)

A
  1. Lesion in supramarginal gyrus or arcuate fasciculus
  2. Intact fluency, comprehension, and reading
  3. Severe impairment with repetition
  4. Impaired writing and word finding
22
Q

Broca’s (Expressive) Aphasia (4)

A
  1. Lesion in 3rd convolution of frontal lobe
  2. Intact auditory/reading comprehension
  3. Impaired repetition and naming skills, paraphasias common
  4. Frustration of language skills
23
Q

Wernicke’s vs. Broca’s Aphasia: Motor impairment

A

Wernicke: not typical due to distance of lesion from motor cortex

Broca: typical due to proximity to motor cortex

24
Q

Global Aphasia (4)

A
  1. Lesion in frontal, temporal, or parietal lobes
  2. Impaired comprehension, maing, writing, and repetition skills
  3. May involuntarily verbalize without correct context
  4. May use nonverbal skills to communicate
25
Q

Verbal Apraxia (4)

A
  1. Lesion in (left) frontal lobe adjacent to Broca’s area
  2. Impaired prospody and articulation of speech
  3. Verbal expression impaired due to deficits in motor planning
  4. Understand what is needed to initial speech but unable
26
Q

Dysarthria (4)

A
  1. Due to an UMN lesion
  2. Inabiltiy of muscle to articulate words/sounds
  3. Speech may appeared slurred
  4. May affect respiratory/phonatory systmes due to weakness
27
Q

Cerebral Angiography

A

Invasive procedure, with contrast die, and a series of xrays

Diagnose potential CVA, brain tumor, aneurysm, or vascular malformation

28
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Brain scan providing cross section images

Can use contrast dies

Used to identify vascular malformations, tumors, cysts, herniated disks, hemorrhage, epilepsy, encephalitis, spinal stenosis, intracranial bleeding, and head injury

29
Q

Discography

A

Invasive procedure, with contrast dye and CT scan

Used to evaluate pathology of spinal disk

NPTE -- Neuro (7 decks)

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