MISC INFO Flashcards
Dalmation coast
Dalmatian Coast: Formed by submergence of parallel river valleys aligned with geology; ridges become long narrow islands (e.g. Croatia’s Dalmatian Coast).
Haff coasts
Haff Coast: Found along low-energy coastlines where long spits form lagoons parallel to the coast (e.g. Vistula Lagoon, Poland).
Impact of bedrock lithology on coastal recession
Bedrock lithology (e.g. chalk, granite) is more resistant to erosion than unconsolidated material (e.g. boulder clay).
Holdreness coast costal recession
Holderness Coast (East Yorkshire) erodes rapidly (avg 2m/year) due to its glacial till cliffs and lack of vegetation.
Temporal changes in beaches
Temporal changes:
Short-term: Storms reshape beaches within hours.
Seasonal: More destructive waves in winter; constructive in summer.
Rip Currents in sediment
Rip currents: Strong offshore currents pulling water back to sea – affect sediment sorting and deposition.
Tidal currents in sediment
Tidal currents: Transport sediment in estuaries, especially during spring/neap tides.
Offshore Bars
Submerged ridges parallel to the shore formed by destructive waves.
Barrier beaches
Sand/ridge extending parallel to the coast, often with a lagoon (e.g. Chesil Beach, Dorset).
Tombolo
Bar connecting an island to the mainland (e.g. St Ninian’s Tombolo, Shetland)
Cuspate foreland
Triangular landform from LSD convergence (e.g. Dungeness, Kent).
Types of weathering
Mechanical: Freeze-thaw, salt crystallisation.
Chemical: Carbonation (especially on limestone), hydrolysis.
Biological: Roots breaking rocks, animals burrowing, organic acids.
Types of mass movement
Rockfall: Sudden, often triggered by weathering, creates talus scree.
Slumping: Rotational movement on clay, forms rotational scars and terraced cliffs.
Landslides: Blocks of rock move down a planar surface.
3 landforms from mass movement
- Rotational scars
- Tauls Scree slopes
- Terraced cliff profiles
Mass movement landforms
Rockfall: Sudden, often triggered by weathering, creates talus scree.
Slumping: Rotational movement on clay, forms rotational scars and terraced cliffs.
Landslides: Blocks of rock move down a planar surface.
beach accretion
Occurs when sediment supply > erosion, allowing land growth (e.g. mangrove expansion).
Fossil cliffs
Raised beaches with wave-cut platforms above sea level due to isostatic uplift (e.g. Isle of Arran, Scotland)
Submergent landforms
Rias: Drowned river valleys (e.g. Kingsbridge Estuary, Devon).
Fjords: Drowned glacial valleys (e.g. Sognefjord, Norway).
Dalmatian Coasts: As above
Rapid coastal recession
Rapid Coastal Recession
Physical: Soft geology, strong LSD, storm frequency.
Human: Coastal defences (groynes interrupting sediment flow), dredging.
Example: Holderness Coast – groynes at Mappleton worsen erosion further south.
Factors increasing flood risk
Height: Low-lying land (e.g. Bangladesh).
Subsidence: Ground sinking due to groundwater extraction.
Vegetation removal: Mangrove deforestation increases erosion (e.g. Myanmar).
Typhoon Hyan stas
Wind speeds: 195 mph
Storm surge: 5–6m
Deaths: ~6,300
4 million displaced, over 1 million homes damaged
Illustrates impacts of tropical cyclones on developing countries.
Economic losses from recession n
UK: Happisburgh, Norfolk – homes lost, property value collapse.
California: Homes threatened by cliff erosion – high property values.
Coastal flooding and storm surges
Developing: Bangladesh (2007 Sidr) – poor infrastructure, thousands dead.
Developed: UK (2013–14 floods) – high economic cost, disruption, insurance losses.
Climate change and environmental refugees
Rising sea levels -> loss of land in Tuvalu, Maldives
Forced migration due to loss of livelihood and homes – “climate refugees”
Policy conflict in costal management
Players: Government, locals, environmentalists, businesses.
Winners/Losers:
Mappleton, Holderness: Groynes protected village, but increased erosion in Cowden.
In developing nations, poor may lack political power or resources to protect land.
Littoral zone
the coastal zome
Categories of the littoral zone
Offshore- not nearshore
nearshore- shallow water
Foreshore- waves fall in this area between the high tide and low tide
Backshore- Waves only at high energy events
Rocky coastline
cliffs varying in height formed from rock
Coastal plains
land gradually slopes towards the sea
more of a blurred boundary between land and coast
Cliffed coast
flamborugh head in Yorkshire, wave cut platform is the foreshore
Eastrine coast
formed from the mouths of rivers
mud flats are exposed at low tide
Blakey point in Norfolk
Primary coast
land based processed
Secondary coasts
marine erosion or deposition
types of tidal power
MicroTidal 2>
MesoTidal 2-4
MacroTidal >4
Sub arial processes
- weathering
- mass movement
- surface runoff
- above the waterline
Factors affecting rocks resistance
-how reactive minerals are
-clastic or sedimentary
- how many fissures and beding planes
Crystalline
igneous and metamorphic rocks made of crystals
Clastic
cemented particels
2 ways coastal plains can form
- deposition leading to costal accretion
- sea bed rising
Costal accretion
sediment being deposited and a Seward growth of coastline, vegetation is usually involved
Strata
layers of rock
faulting
major fractures which could have moved
Deformation
level of dip
Concordant coasts
rock strata runs parallel to the coastline
discordant coast (case study)
west cork in ireland
Haff coast
sediment ridges which experienced faulting
hasn’t eroded and coastal sea level rise leading to that strata protruding parrelle to the coast
faults
major weaknesses from tectonic activity
Joints
cracks from pressure- vertical
fissures
smaller cracks
Types of dip
- horisontal
- seaward
- landward
strata
rock type of large and layer
Rock type
-Igneous
-Metamorphic
-Sedimentary
Igneous
-basalt or granate
- strongest
- crystalline interlocks
metamorphic
marble or slate
crystalline- one way crystals formign
sedimentary
sandstone or limestone
more are clastic
Halophtes
tolerates salt
xerophytes
non salt watet
pioneer species
their first
Climatic climate community
discideous
Dune types
embrio
fore dune
yellow dunes
grey dunes
dune slack
vegetation
-stabalising
- shadows from wins
- when submerged- less sea erosion
Where is the strongest waves in the uk
cornwall
how do waves break
when the base of the sea leads a water brushes against the sea bed and the orbital motion breaks causing wave break
Beach morphology
the shape of a beach
Berm
the shingle and gravel deposits from consecutive waves
erosional processes
-hydrolic action
- abrasion
- attrition
- solution
stack example
the old man of hoy
sediment settling
- gravity settling
- flocculation
spit CS
Blakey point
Bayhead beach
where waves break on headlands reducing wave energy leaving sediment to deposit onto the bay
lulworth cove Dorset
Tombolo
bar from land mass onto island
Barrier beach / Bar
Chisel beach, Dorset
bar connecting 2 areas of land
Hooked (recurved spit)
hurst castle spit
Cuspate forland
dugness kent
Case study for sediment cell
Holdrness coast
Flamborugh head (headland)
spurn head
Weathering
is the breakdown (in situ) of rock
mechanical- Freeze thaw
Chemical- chemical breakdown, rain
Biological- actions of plants or moments
Types of mass movement
Fall
- rockfall
- undercutting of cliffs by wave cut notch
Topple
-strata with deep dip fall into the sea
Translational slide
- low dip in strata leads to slide
rotational slide
other card
flow
- flows, common in weak rocks such as chalk
- structural materials
Emergent coast feature
- raised beaches
- fossil cliff
- fife
Submergent costal feaures
Submerging coassa features
Ria- downed valley
Fjords- glacially eroded valley
- u shaped valley
- very deep
Rotational slide
rotational slide
sandy / permeable sediment
water goes through and gets absorbed until hits unbermiable base
cracks when dries out
cracks fill when wet
slides when gets wetter which leads to rotational sliding
Marine Regression
sea level fall
Marine transgression
sea level rise
Highest point in sea level in Tuvalu
4.5 meters
how island states are affected by sea level change and also climate change
increase in temperature leads to coral beleachine which decreases their natural sea defences
salt water encroachment
Deltawerken
Hard Engineering mega project
Reduce risk of flooding in low lying areas
Barrier islands
- coastal submergence
- offshore bars
- not attached to cost
- natural form of costal defences
Reasons why people live on coastlines
-Pop with tourists
- deltas and easturies are ideal for agriclututure
- deltas fertile for farming
2013 north sea storm surge
-took lives of 325 people in the uk
- winds ober 140mph
-properties collapsed into sea
Soft engineering
beach nourishment
- replenishing sediment
Cliff stabilisation
- planting vegetation
- regrading cliff angle
- rock bots on anchor in cliff
Dune stabilisation
- effective costal defence
- dunes are prone to overgrazing
-wooden board walks in high traffic areas
Sustainable management in madlives
replenishing mangroves
integrated coastal zone management
plans for long term
involve all stakeholders
adopt all adaptive management
work with natural processes
Temporal scale
a scale which takes into account time
cuspate forland
lsd going alternative directions which leads to triage spit
talus scree slopes
Talus scree slopes, also known as scree slopes, are fan-shaped accumulations of loose, angular rock fragments at the base of cliffs or slopes.
Terraced cliff profiles
Terraced cliff profiles Where the cliff profile is stepped due to lithology or fractures in the rock.
coastal accretion
when coast extends
Hallsands in devon
Hallsands, a village on the south coast of Devon, was destroyed in 1917 after extensive dredging of offshore shingle in the late 1800s to expand the Royal Navy’s dockyard in Plymouth. This removal of sediment drastically lowered the beach, which had protected the village from the sea. Despite warnings, dredging continued until 1902, but the damage was done. A severe storm in 1917 overwhelmed the weakened coast, leaving Hallsands in ruins and ultimately abandoned.
Global middle class defined income
> 10,000
Economic restricting
the shift from primary and secondary towards tertiary and quaternary industry
Costs of being a superpower
costs of maintaining hard power and soft power
Reasons Japan never became a superpower
-property bubble destroyed their stock market
- deflation
- Asian countries developed
India’s version of a Big Mac
Maharaja Mac
how many top TNC are from USA
12 of top 16
When did the colonial era end
post ww2
why did decolonisation occour
post 1970, many countries had no money, had to rebuild, anti colinialisation movement
Neo Colonialist forms
Alliancs
AID
TNC investment
Terms of trade
dept
Long term carbon stores
crust
ocean
Short term carbon stores
Soil
Ocena
atmosphere
terrestrial ecosystems
Carbon cycle stores
Mechanical, biological and chemical weathering
decomposition of sediment
this is then transported
this then sedimentsies
metamorphis then occurs
metamorphis
- bearing of sediment
- pressure builds
- sediments become rock
- shale becomes slate
- limestone becomes marble
when organic matter builds up faster than it can be decayed organic carbon becomes oil, coal or natural gas instead of shale
process of chemical weathering
carbon in air
dissolves into rain which makes it acidic
this then falls as rain
into oceans
limestone
then subducts
then mantle degasses and releases it into the atmosphere
volcanic outgassing
pockets of C02 in the crust are relaleaeed into the atmosphere
Happens at tectonic boundaries
plates with no activity
emissions from the earths crust
Biological pumps
organic c02 sequesters by phytoplankton- becomes part of its biomass
this then grows rapidly
consumed by larger fish and sea creatures
then then die and litter the sea flood
2 billion metric tonnes of c02 are on the sea floor
carbonate pumps
marine organisms use calcium carbonate
when they did it dissolves and becomes decomposed
or part of white cliffs of dover
physical pumps
Ocean circulation of water
c02 in oceans is mixed slowly
colder water has a higher potential for c02 to be stored in the water
Thermohayline circualtio n
1000 year system
water moves round the entire earth
warm water travels north and receives enrichment while going through conveyer belt. oceans have got higher in c02 levels and this entire system has slowed down
terrestrial sequestration
primary producers take carbon out of atmosphere
consumers eat plants and become stores
decay and enters soil store
2 types of carbon flux
diurnal carbon flux
- changes daily
seasonally
co2 rises in northern hemisphere during winter as deciduous trees loose leaves
how much terrestrial carbon does the amazon rainforest have
17% of terrestrial carbon
wetlands and peatlands
wetlands that contain certain pear are important carbon stores
peat is a store of carbon
soils store 20-30% of carbon
sequester 2x more than the atmosphere
Humus soil
60% carbon
factors changing the capacity of the soil to store carbon
type
climate
what type of climate stores more carbon
wetter climates store more and colder climates. 1/3 of all soil is in the artic
sandy soils also store less carbon
carbon balance
in soils it is regulated by plant productivty, geology, erosion and the increase and decrease of movement of water in the soil
fossil fuel combustion impact
this increases the amount of carbon in the atmosphere by dramatic flux
4 aspects of the supply side of energy
accessibility
affordability
reliability
availability
requires accurate prediction of energy decline
Energy intensity
A measure of how efficiently a country transfers energy into GDP
a higher gdp-energy ratio suggests a developing country and more expensive energy
energy mix
the combination of avalibe differ sources of energy supply to meet energy demand
fossil fuels 80% of global energy mix
impact of high levels of imported energy
risk from
artificially hostile prices
suppliers cut for military reasons
factors affecting energy consumption
physical availability
cost
technology
standard of living
economic development
public perceptions
environmental proiorites
climate
energy pathways
route energy takes to get to some place
Energy players
TNC
OPEC
Comapries
Consumers
Pressure groups
Unconventional fossil fules
Tar sands
Oil shale
Shale gas
deepwater oil
Players in inconventional fossil fules
exploration companies
environmental groups
affected communities
governemnts
Biofules
fuelwood
biofuel crops
Biofuel crop example
Brazil- sugar cane ethanol
Ratical technology to reduce carbon emissions
Carbon capture and stroage
- expensive and carbon could leak out
Hydrogen fuel cells
- could be a source of heat
- can be a power source
Types of deforestation
clear cutting which removes forest
slash and burn which eventually allows a forest to regrow
Remote sensing
sensing by satellites which increases the rate of deforestation
Acidification of oceans
leads to shells weakening and coral as well which can collapse and coral has a role as a natural sea defense
forests roles
nutrient cycling
soil farming
product producing
forest outputs
Food (1.1% of global income)
wood
water
fuel (source for one In three)
greenhouse water purification
water releaser risks increases air and water pollution
Change in UK forest cover
80% to 10%
Artic barometer
showing pressures on natural systems from anotropogentic influences
What % of people in dev countries are supported by fishing industries
90%
Aquaculture
farming of organisms, only developed countries will have infrastucre to reduce new fishing species
Climate change adaption strategies
water conservation and management
resilient agricultural systems
land use planning
flood risk management
solar radiation management
mitigation of climate change
carbon taxing
renewable switching
energy efficiency
afforestation
carbon capture and storagre
Kyoto protacol
first major International climate agreement
advantages
supporters 75 developing countries with clean tech
paved way for new balances
2012 emissions 22.6% lower than 1990
disadvantages
slow ratification and use wither only industrialised countries
carbon credits uk if pollution emissions reducing may be balanced with other factors
