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Spring 15 - Pharm Unit I > Misc, Group Projects, Pain (General) > Flashcards

Misc, Group Projects, Pain (General) Flashcards

1
Q

Information Literacy is the ability to…

A
  • know when information is needed
  • find info
  • evaluate info
  • process info
  • use info to make appropriate decisions
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2
Q

What checklist can be used to evaluate research sources?

A

C: credibility
A: accuracy
R: reasonableness
S: support

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3
Q

How can a resource exhibit credibility?

A

-created by person or organization who knows the subject and cares about its quality

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4
Q

How can a resource exhibit accuracy?

A

-source with info that is current, complete, correct

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5
Q

How can a resource exhibit reasonableness?

A

-a source that is truthful and unbiased

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6
Q

How can a resource exhibit support?

A

-a source that provides convincing evidence for the claims made; can find at least 2 other sources that support it (triangulate)

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7
Q

How should you communicate information to your patient?

A
  • provide a comprehensive answer
  • use language appropriate for the pt
  • provide verbal and written information
  • verify understanding
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8
Q

Patient Assistance Programs

A

-offered by pharm manufacturers and other organizations to provide meds at little to no cost to patients who cannot afford them; may provide discount cards

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9
Q

How to Find a PAP

A

-through state’s health department website

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10
Q

What might happen if drugs are improperly disposed of?

A
  • end up in the water supply
  • improperly used by others
  • found by drug seekers
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11
Q

How can you dispose of old/unused medication?

A
  • medicine take back programs
  • proper disposal in trash
  • some can be flushed
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12
Q

Medicine Take Back Programs

A

-city or county run programs that dispose of prescriptions that are no longer needed

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13
Q

Disposing of Medication in the Trash

A
  • put medicine in undesirable substance like kitty litter or coffee grounds
  • do not crush the pill
  • place mixture in ziplock bag and throw away
  • remove any personal information and drug name from container
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14
Q

Flushing Medications

A
  • only certain drugs can be removed this way
  • check label on bottle, ask pharmacist or check FDA website
  • examples: oxycontin, morphine, percocet, dilaudid, demerol (meperidine hydrochloride)
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15
Q

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

A
  • affects 60-70% of pts w/ DM
  • neuropathy cannot be reversed
  • must manage blood glucose levels and use pharmacotherapy appropriately; lifestyle modifications
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16
Q

Effect of Medications for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

A

-meds typically do not make DPN pain go away

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17
Q

How to Get Medicare Prescription Drug Coverage

A
  • join a medicare drug plan

- join a medicare advantage plan (HMO or PPO) that includes prescription drug coverage

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18
Q

What Will a Pt Have to Pay for Medicare Drug Benefit Plan?

A
  • costs vary depending on which drug plan pt chooses

- most drug plans charge a monthly fee that varies by plan

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19
Q

Ways to Lower Prescription Drug Costs

A
  • switch to drugs that cost less: generic, OTC or less expensive brand name drugs
  • national and community based programs that can help with drug costs
  • many manufacturers offer Pharm Assistance Programs
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20
Q

When Can Someone Join A Medicare Plan?

A
  • from 3 months before you turn 65 to 3 months after

- during the annual Medicare enrollment period

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21
Q

Who runs Medicare drug plans?

A

-insurance companies and other private companies approved by Medicare

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22
Q

Coverage Gap

A
  • “donut hole”
  • temporary limit on what the drug plan will cover for drugs
  • coverage gap begins after you and your plan have spent a certain amount for covered drugs
23
Q

Catastrophic Coverage

A
  • kicks in once you get out of the coverage gap

- you only pay a small copay for covered drugs the rest of the year

24
Q

Formulary

A

list of drugs covered by a Part D plan

25
Q

Tier of Charges

A

-different levels of copays

26
Q

True Out of Pocket Costs (TrOOP)

A

-payments that count toward the out of pocket limit that gets you out of the coverage gap and triggers catastrophic coverage

27
Q

Common Pain Complaints During Pregnancy

A
  • lower back pain
  • pelvic pain
  • foot and leg pain
  • sciatic nerve pain
  • muscle spasms and HA
28
Q

ADHD Symptoms

A
  • hyperactivity
  • trouble focusing and maintaining attention
  • behavior issues
29
Q

Cause of ADHD

A
  • still unknown
  • one study said genetics 7-80% of ADHD risk
  • other potential causes: nutrition, environment, brain injuries
30
Q

JAMA APAP During Pregnancy Study

A
  • more than 1/2 of mothers reported APAP use while pregnant

- APAP use found to increase risk of ADHD dx, use of ADHD meds, or having ADHD-like behaviors in kids at age 7

31
Q

FDA Drug Safety Study on APAP During Pregnancy

A
  • APAP pain reliever of choice during pregnancy

- no significant findings that APAP causes birth defects or other complications

32
Q

Aspirin and Pregnancy

A
  • category D

- NOT recommended for use during pregnancy

33
Q

NSAIDs and Pregnancy

A
  • acceptable during 1st and 2nd trimester (most are cat B)

- avoid in 3rd trimester (cat D) due to assoc with fetal birth defects

34
Q

Non-Pharm Options for Pregnancy Pain

A
  • chiropractic
  • acupuncture
  • massage
  • PT
  • RICE, heat, adequate hydration
35
Q

What is garcinia cambogia?

A
  • from a tropical fruit in Indonesia

- popular weight loss supplement

36
Q

How does it allegedly work?

A
  • decrease fat production
  • reduce appetite
  • maintain blood sugar and cholesterol levels
  • HCA blocks citrate lyase (key enzyme involved in fat process)
37
Q

Current Research for Garcinia Cambogia

A
  • lacks strong support for effectiveness of HCA on weight loss
  • may help short term weight loss, but effect is small and not stat. significant
  • minimal evidence of harm in short term, but no long term studies done
38
Q

Patient Education for Weight Loss

A
  • weight loss can increase insulin sensitivity

- healthy lifestyle is safest way to lose weight: healthy foods, regular physical activity

39
Q

Pathophys of Pain

A
  • pain signal transmission starts at nociceptors
  • nociceptors stimulated by biochemals (leukotrienes, prostaglandins)
  • pain is modulated in the brain by endogenous opioid system
  • endorphins and narcotic analgesics interact w/ opioid receptors in the brain
40
Q

4 Types of Pain

A
  • nociceptive
  • inflammatory
  • neuropathic
  • functional
41
Q

Nociceptive Pain

A
  • transient pain in response to noxious stimulus at receptors in cutaneous tissue, bone, muscle etc
  • prevents further damage via withdrawal reflex
42
Q

Inflammatory Pain

A

-serves to prevent contact or movement of injured part until healing is complete

43
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

-spontaneous pain and hypersensitivity assoc. w/ damage to peripheral nervous system

44
Q

Functional Pain

A

-pain sensitivity due to an abnormal processing of functioning of CNS in response to normal stimuli

45
Q

5 Classifications of Pain

A
  • acute
  • chronic
  • chronic malignant
  • chronic nonmalignant
  • neuropathic
46
Q

Chronic Pain

A
  • pain that persists beyond time of expected healing

- no useful physiologic purpose

47
Q

Chronic Malignant Pain

A

pain assoc w/ progressive dz that is usually life threatening (eg cancer)

48
Q

Chronic Nonmalignant Pain

A
  • pain not assoc w/ life threatening dz

- lasts >6 mos beyond healing period

49
Q

Why is pain undertreated?

A
  • incorrect assumptions (“correct” amt of pain for an injury)
  • incorrect attitudes (“pain builds character”)
  • complexity of pain assessment
  • research and training inadequate
50
Q

Predictors of Inadequate Pain Management

A
  • age
  • non Caucasian
  • low cognitive performance
  • multiple other medications
51
Q

Pain History from a Pt

A
  • Palliative/provocative factors
  • Quality
  • Radiation
  • Severity
  • Temporal factors
52
Q

How can pain be measured?

A
  • self report and/or behavior observation tools
  • tailor to pt developmental level and situation
  • physiologic: HR, BP, RR, diaphoresis
  • behavioral: cry, facial expression
  • Faces Pain Rating scale, descriptive rating scales, numerical rating scales (0-10! not 1-10)
53
Q

Principles of Effective Pain Management

A
  • assess pain intensity and relief regularly
  • respect pt preferences
  • evaluate effectiveness of pain management and medication AEs
54
Q

Non-pharm Therapy for Pain

A
  • psych interventions: controlled mental imagery, relaxation training, biofeedback, psychotherapy, support groups
  • PT: heat, cold, water, TENS, ultrasound, massage

Spring 15 - Pharm Unit I (6 decks)

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