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J Child Health > Misc > Flashcards

Misc Flashcards

1
Q

in Scotland, if some is under the age of 15 and competent can they refuse treatment

A

yes

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2
Q

who are transition clinics for

A

16-18 year olds (approx.)

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3
Q

what is a transition clinic

A

a cross between a paediatric and adult clinic

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4
Q

what are the 4 things that define puberty in boys

A

Axillary hair
Pubic hair
Genitalia
(APG)

growth spurt

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5
Q

what are the 5 things that define puberty in girls

A

Axillary hair
Pubic hair
Breasts (thelarche)
(APB)

menarche (periods)
growth spurt

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6
Q

average puberty in boys

A

11.5

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7
Q

precocious puberty in boys

A

<9

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8
Q

delayed puberty in boys

A

> 14

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9
Q

average puberty in girls

A

11

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10
Q

precocious puberty in girls

A

<8

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11
Q

delayed puberty in girls

A

> 13

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12
Q

thelarche definition

A

breast budding

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13
Q

testicular volume in puberty

what is this the same size as

A

> 4mls

‘teaser’ celebration

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14
Q

whats the pneumonic used for things to discuss with young people one their own in a consultation

A

HEEADSSS

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15
Q

what does HEEADSSS stand for

A 
Home - relationships 
Education/Employment - progress
Eating - weight, body image 
Activities - physical, peers 
Drugs - medication and recreational 
Sex 
Suicidal
Safety
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16
Q

if someone <12 has sex what is it

A

criminal offence

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17
Q

if 2 14 year olds have sex will they get convicted

A

no

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18
Q

if a >18 year old has sex with a <18 year old will they get convicted

A

yes

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19
Q

what are the 4 types of child abuse

A

physical abuse (NAI)
neglect
emotional abuse
sexual abuse

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20
Q

if a kid is too young to move and they come in with a fracture what do you ALWAYS suspect

A

non accidental injury

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21
Q

which fractures are a sign of non accidental injury (2)

A

posterior ribs

corner joint/bucket handle fracture

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22
Q

what is distinctive of a tramline bruise

A

lighter area between 2 bruises

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23
Q

what causes a tramline bruise

A

thin linear object hitting the skin

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24
Q

in a tramline bruise what happens to the blood vessels directly beneath the object

A

compressed (not stretched and burst)

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25
Q

what distribution pattern of burns/scalds is non accidental injury suggestive of (3)

A

glove and stocking
buttocks
dorsum of hands

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26
Q

what causes a burn

A

dry heat eg flame

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27
Q

what causes a scald

A

wet heat eg oil, steam

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28
Q

when do you do a skeletal survey if non accidental injury is suspected

A

<2 year olds

29
Q

investigation for child with bruising

why

A

clotting screen

to rule out bleeding disorder

30
Q

investigation for child with ?intracranial injury

A

head CT

31
Q

is it necessary to have parent consent when referring a child to child protection

A

no but you must tell them you are doing so

32
Q

what is the infant mortality rate a measure of

A

probability of death <1 year/1000 live births

33
Q

what is the neonatal mortality rate a measure of

A

probability of death <1 month/1000 live births

34
Q

what is perinatal mortality rate a measure of

A

probability of death 24 weeks before birth until 1 week after birth

35
Q

what are the 6 preventable reasons of child mortality from WHO

A

breastfeeding
access to level 3 neonatal intensive care
nutrition!!!!
skilled healthcare professionals around birth
knowledge of child health ‘red flags’
water sanitation and hygiene

36
Q

most common cause of child mortality worldwide

A

pneumonia

37
Q

treatment of HIV in <3 year olds

A

2 NRTI (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) and 1 NNRTI (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor)

38
Q

treatment of HIV in >3 year olds

A

protease inhibitor eg kaletra

39
Q

how is HIV transmitted

A

sex

mother to child

40
Q

what is the first sign of puberty in girls

A

thelarche (breast budding)

41
Q

how long after thelarche (breast budding) does menstruation (periods) begin

A

2/3 years

42
Q

recommended hours of activity per day

A

3

43
Q

recommended hours of moderate activity per day

A

> 1

44
Q

how many day per week should kids be doing vigorous exercise

A

3

45
Q

weaning definition

when should it be done

A

introduction to foods alongside breast feeding/formula

4-6 months

46
Q

are kids resp rates higher or lower than adults

A

higher

47
Q

are kid pulses higher or lower than adults

A

higher

48
Q

if a kid presents to GP and you send them home, what must you always do!

A

safety net!!!

bring them back/phone NHS 24 if things change/get worse

49
Q

are kids bp higher or lower than adults

A

lower

50
Q

when does brain development start

A

3 weeks post conception

51
Q

what 2 things happen between weeks 3 and 9 after conception in brain development

A

gastrulation

neural tube development

52
Q

what is gastrulation in brain development

A

epiblast and hypoblast layers changes into ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

53
Q

what 2 things happen between week 9 and birth in brain development

A

sulci and gyri development

neurone development

54
Q

what 2 things happen in childhood (after birth, before adolescence) in brain development

A

proliferation and migration

myelination

55
Q

what does myelination in brain development involve (2)

when does it happen

A

OPCs wrap around axons = myelin sheaths

occurs during childhood

56
Q

why is nature vs NURTURE a valid argument

A

bc your brain is still developing during childhood (and adolescence)

57
Q

in what direction does brain myelination/maturation/pruning happen

what develops last

A

from back to front

front - higher cognitive functions eg self control, emotion, planning

58
Q

example of medical proof of nature vs NURTURE

A

need to stimulate both eyes otherwise ocular dominance will occur in one eye

59
Q

when a kid is lying down with neck to one side, opposite hand is flexed to prevent them rolling over

what reflex is this

A

fencing reflex

60
Q

up until what age is fencing reflex normal

what should you suspect after this age

A

6 months

cerebral palsy

61
Q

in growth charts (and generally) what is Z score

A

number of standard deviations you are from the mean

62
Q

what is global developmental delay

A

not reaching the developmental milestones in more than one category (gross motor, fine motor, speech and language, social skills)

eg downs

63
Q

history taking questions for child health (10)

A

birth - complications, delivery method, NICU, term?, birth weight
developmental milestones - when did they start walking, talking, how are they with other kids, what do they like to draw
immunisations
feeding, sleeping, nappies

64
Q

in which centile is a kid clinically overweight

A

> 91st centile

65
Q

in which centile is a kid clinically obese

A

> 98th centile

66
Q

what is the environment that has influenced childhood obesity by encouraging high energy low nutrient foods

A

obesogenic environment

67
Q

lifestyle changes for an obese kid (3)

A

family changes! 123;

> 1hour of exercise per day
<2hours screen time
3 balanced meals

68
Q

drug for morbidly obese kids (from specialist not GP)

A

orlistat

J Child Health (4 decks)

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