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Public Health > Misc > Flashcards

Misc Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What percentage of Australians have a chronic condition?
  2. What percentage of Australians have 2 or more chronic conditions?
  3. What percentage of the mortality between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians (aged 35-74) is due to chronic conditions?
A
  1. 35%
  2. 20%
  3. 80% (AIHW, 2011)
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2
Q

What is proportionate universalism?

A

The resourcing and delivering of universal services at a scale and intensity proportionate to the degree of need. Services are universally available, not just for the most disadvantaged and are able to respond to the level of need.

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3
Q

What is a cost benefit analysis?

A

comparing costs of inputs and outcomes e.g. costs of installing crash barriers on a road v’s costs averted from MVAs

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4
Q

What is a cost utility analysis?

A

comparing the costs of different interventions with outcomes which have to be converted to a ‘common currency’ e.g. QALYs e.g. choosing between hip replacements, CABG or haemodialysis

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5
Q

What is a cost effectiveness analysis?

A

when both the costs and outcomes of alternative interventions are different the effectiveness is determined by the cost to produce a unit of outcome (e.g. life saved) e.g. choosing between 2 interventions that lower BP

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6
Q

What does the CART acronym stand for?

When would you use it?

A

Completeness
Accuracy
Relevance or representativeness
Timeliness

Use it when assessing or appraising data/information

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7
Q

What is a cancer cluster?

A

a greater than expected number of cancer cases that occurs within a group of people in a geographic area over a period of time

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8
Q

What are the leading causes of death in Australia?

A
  1. Coronary heart disease
  2. Dementia/Alzheimer disease
  3. Cerebrovascular disease
  4. Lung cancer
  5. COPD
    nb. all cancers combined are the leading cause of death
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9
Q

What are Maxwell’s dimensions of healthcare quality

A 
(AAEEEQRS)
Access
Acceptability
Effectiveness
Equity
Efficiency
Safety/Quality
Relevance
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10
Q

What is the Donabedian framework for health service evaluation?

A 
Structure (staff and facilities)
- number of beds
- ratio of staff:patients
Process: what is done and how well
- validity and reliability of tests
- time taken from dx to tx
- frequency of f/up
Outcomes: 
- complications
- recurrences
- patient satisfaction
- cure rates
- life expectancy
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11
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to control the health problems

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12
Q

What are upstream and downstream interventions to address health inequality?

A 
Upstream determinants (macro level) include  government policies, social, economic and environmental factors (education, employment, income) Midstream determinants are intermediate factors such as health behaviours 
Downstream determinants occur at the micro level and include physiology, genetics
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13
Q

What are the current NHMRC guidelines for blood lead levels?

A

Investigate if >5 micrograms/decilitre

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14
Q

What are the 7 objectives of the national antimicrobial resistance strategy?

A
  1. Increased awareness
  2. Stewardship - human and animal - to ensure appropriate prescribing
  3. Onehealth surveillance of AMR and AM usage
  4. Infection prevention and control
  5. Research to find and develop new products and approaches
  6. International partnerships and collaboration
  7. Governance: local, national, international to ensure leadership, engagement and accountability
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15
Q

What poisons schedule is nicotine?

A

Schedule 7 ‘highly toxic’ it is an offence under the Poisons Act to manufacture, obtain, possess, sell or supply nicotine or products containing nicotine in Tasmania

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16
Q
  1. What percentage of Australian adults are overweight or obese?
  2. What percentage of Australian children are overweight or obese?
A
  1. Almost 2/3 (63%) AIHW

2. 1 in 4

17
Q

What are the 5 levels of intervention in the National Guidelines for the Management of People with HIV who Place Others at Risk?

A

Level 1: counselling, education and support
Level 2: HIV advisory panel (PH physician, ID physician, PH nurse/MO, legal officer, mental health specialist) to provide formal support to the HC provider
Level 3: Behavioural order requiring counselling, treatment, refrain from specific behaviours or supervision
Level 4: DPH order for isolation or detention
Level 5: Referral to police

18
Q

What are the three main approaches to alcohol harm minimisation? (ATSI focus)

A
  1. Supply reduction (price controls, trading hours, outlet density, dry community declarations)
  2. Demand reduction (early intervention, treatment, provide alternatives to AOD use, ongoing care to prevent relapses)
  3. Harm reduction (community patrols, sobering up shelters)
19
Q

What is an incremental cost effectiveness ratio?

A

a statistic used in cost-effectiveness analysis to summarise the cost-effectiveness of a health care intervention. It represents the average incremental cost associated with 1 additional unit of the measure of effect. To calculate: the difference in cost between two possible interventions, divided by the difference in their effect.
PBAC value: if certainty of effectiveness ~ A$70000 per QALY; if uncertainty A$30000 per QALY

20
Q

What is included in an Issues Brief for the Minister?

A 
Purpose
Background
Key issues
Costs
Risk implications
Communication
Processes for internal and external consultation
21
Q

What are the changes to the National Cervical Screening Program from mid-2017

A

5 yearly screening
Age range 25-74
HPV testing instead of smear test
liquid-based cytology triage of HPV positive patients

22
Q

What are the leading causes of death for
<1
- 1-14 year olds?
- 15-44 year olds

A

<1: congenital conditions, SIDS
1-14 year olds: injuries (land transport accidents)
15-44: suicide

23
Q

What is the proportion of burden of disease that could be prevented through reducing exposure to modifiable risk factors?
What are the 5 leading risk factors contributing to the burden of disease in Aus?

A

31% of burden of disease could be prevented through risk factor modification
Leading risk factors: overweight/obesity, alcohol, physical inactivity, high BP

24
Q

What proportion of Australians see a GP each year?

A

~85%

25
Q

What are the key features of the Health Care Homes?

A
  • voluntary patient enrollment
  • nominated preferred clinician for care coordination
  • skills and confidence to manage health (self-management support and health literacy)
  • enhanced access (phone, email, vc)
  • flexible, integrated service delivery and team base care
  • high quality and safety (evidence based)
  • data collection and sharing

Public Health (10 decks)

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