misc Flashcards

1
Q

what is the epiglottis, what does it do

A

the flap covering the trachea protecting it from food/debri

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2
Q

what are alveoli lined with and why

A

simple squamous epithelium, for easy diffusion of CO2 and O2 as alveoli are site of gas exchange

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3
Q

what is the trachea lined with and why

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, to clear away dust by secreting and clearing mucus

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4
Q

what are fibroblasts, where are they found, what do they do

A

fibroblasts are cells found widespread in most types of connective tissue. they secrete components of the ECM; collagen, elastin, GAGS/proteoglycans of the GS. they also secrete the reticular lamina of the BM.

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5
Q

what is the basement membrane made of, where does it come from.

A

basal lamina: secreted by epithelium, made of collagen, laminin, heparan sulphate, and more.
reticular lamina: secreted by connective tissue/fibroblasts. made of collagen, laminin, reticular fibres (which is collagen III), fibronectin, and more.

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6
Q

what is hyperacusis, what is a possible cause

A

sensitive hearing, could be caused by damage to the stapedius muscle which protects the stapes

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7
Q

what characteristic of GAGs allows them to attract water; why is this important

A

they are hydrophilic. allows them to trap water, thus creating the supportive gel-texture of the ground substance.

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8
Q

describe the cells involved in the making of bone

A

osteogenic cells are precursor cells which differentiate into osteoblasts. osteoblasts secrete collagen to form the bone matrix, which becomes mineralised (with Ca and P) to form solid bone.

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9
Q

what shape are skeletal muscle fibres

A

cylindrical, unbranched.

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10
Q

what does the M line do

A

hold together the thick filaments - keep them in correct orientation

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11
Q

order the zones/bands of the sarcomere from darkest - lightest

A

A band, H zone, I band.

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12
Q

what enzyme is involved in creation of IP3, how does it do this, what is its other product, and how does IP3 trigger further signalling?

A

phospholipase C. it is activated by a G-protein, and cleaves PIP2 phospholipid into DAG (a lipid) and IP3, which diffuses through the cytosol to open a gated ion channel in the ER, allowing Ca2+ to diffuse out along the conc gradient.

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13
Q

what is aminoacyl-tRNA synthesise?

A

enzyme that reloads amino acids to tRNA molecules in the cytoplasm

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14
Q

inter/intra molecular bonds are generally stronger? give example of each.

A

intra. e.g hydrogen bonds, even as the strongest bond between molecules, aren’t as strong as polar bonds within a molecule.

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15
Q

what is a tripeptide chain

A

a molecule consisting of three connected amino acids

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16
Q

give examples of contractile proteins, what do they do and where

A

e.g myosin and actin. they enable contraction, primarily but not exclusively in muscle fibres.