11 systems of the body Flashcards
describe the chemical level of organisation; give examples
the smallest building blocks of the body; atoms, and complex molecules they combine to form e.g protein filaments, proteins.
describe the cellular level of organisation with examples
basic structural functional units of the body; smooth muscle, white blood, embryonic stem
describe the tissue level or organisation with examples
groups of cells and the materials around them working together to perform a particular function e.g cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
describe the organ level of organisation
structures of specific function composed of two or more tissue types
describe the system level of organisation
groups of related organs working to achieve a specific function
describe the organismal level of organisation
all parts of the body working to create a living functioning organism
important aspect of any level of structural organisation
structure and function
layers of the skin/integumentary system
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
structure and role of the hypodermis
subcutaneous layer, attaches/separates skin to deeper skin layers e.g fascia
breast tissue is a: and therefore:
modified sweat gland: part of the integumentary system
what is included in the muscular system
skeletal muscles; axial and appendicular
tendons and aponeuroses
what is included in the skeletal system
bone and skeletons; axial and appendicular
bone marrow; red and yellow
joints, cartilages, ligaments
additional function of bone beyond structure/support
stores minerals
what bones are in the axial skeleton
skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
tendons attach:
skeletal muscle to bone
aponeuroses form and function
flat sheetlike, muscle toothed tissues (usually bone, can be muscle, fascia)
red bone marrow location (in adults) and function
flat bones, makes red blood cells (stores blood stem cells, hemocytoblasts)
yellow bone marrow location (in adults) and function
found in long bones. stores fat.
double system organs: (6)
pancreas; endocrine and digestive.
gonads; endocrine and respiratory.
thymus; endocrine and lymphatic.
pharynx; respiratory and digestive.
mammary glands; integumentary and reproductive. kidneys; endocrine and urinary.
mnemonic for endocrine components
pink hippos think pretty tiaras are killer party gear
components of the endocrine system (9)
pineal gland, hypothalamus/pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads
explain why/how bone marrow composition/placement changes overtime:
in adolescence most bone marrow is red/very little yellow to support high blood cell production. after growing, blood cell demand is lower, so red marrow is replaced by yellow for fat stores. by adulthood red is found only in flat bones.
what component of the endocrine system changes size with age? why?
the thymus. big in infants, as T-cells/lymphocytes are being produced before birth and through early childhood. by adulthood all T-cells are made and it decreases in size, is only a small remnant in adults.
what role does the thymus play in the lymphatic system?
creates T-cells (type of lymphocytes/white blood cells) which help fight infection/form part of our immune response
what role does the thymus play in the endocrine system?
makes and releases hormones that signal the pituitary, support lymphocyte production, and support the immune system
components of the CNS
brain, spinal cord, special senses (also in PNS)
what types of activities does the spinal cord control
basic integrative activities; e.g reflex response arc
what do the special senses do (of the nervous system)
send sensory info to the brain
what are the special senses
sight, taste, sound, smell
what nerve is exclusively in the CNS (not PNS)
optic nerve
function of the pineal gland
diurnal rhythm regulation through melatonin production
function of the hypothalamus/pituitary gland
a ‘master system’ signalling many other endocrine glands; fluid balance, growth etc
function of the thyroid
makes thyroxine which controls metabolic rate
parathyroid function
regulates calcium levels in the blood
what do the kidneys do in the endocrine system
produce various hormones that regulate; red blood cell production and blood pressure, calcium balance
what does the pancreas do (endocrine and exocrine)
the pancreatic islets produce hormones (insulin/glucagon) important for glucose regulation.
it produces pancreatic enzymes for digestion in small intestine, secreted via exocrine glands into the duodenum.
gonads function
sexual characteristics and reproduction; e.g produce gametes, menstrual cycle, reproductive hormones
what is IGF-1, what is its function and where is it made?
insulin-like growth factor. a hormone which is secreted by the liver and stimulates growth in muscle and bone.
what are T-cells, what do they do
types of lymphocytes, which are types of white blood cells active in the immune/lymphatic system. they support the immune response.
what does the PNS do
links the CNS to other organs and systems
where is the thyroid and parathyroid
thyroid is in the throat, parathyroid is within the thyroid
where is the thymus
sternum
adrenal gland function
produce several hormones - cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline - that regulate several things like metabolism, stress response, heart rate, etc.
kidney function (endocrine and urinary)
produce hormones, form and concentrate urine. resulting in regulation of red blood cell production, blood pressure, ion (calcium) levels, pH.
explain acromegaly; is it recoverable
a disorder resulting from excess GH in adulthood. a pituitary tumor secretes GH, which stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1. as skelton is already fully formed, other features change; coarser facial features, big hands. recoverable by removal of tumor.
what might severe excessive bleeding in an adult trigger in terms of the skeletal system
yellow -> red bone marrow reversal
sign of a malfunctioning lymphatic system (and name of condition)
swelling from fluid accumulation - lymphedema
components of the lymphatic system
L nodes, L fluid, L vessels, lymph (B&T) cells, spleen, thymus.
what type of vessels are the lymphatic and cardiovascular vessels?
contractile- able to contract to generate movement of liquid through the vessel
what do the lymph nodes do
act like smart filters monitoring composition of the lymph as it moves around. they can engulf pathogens and trigger the immune response.
what are the functions of the lymph
it transports waste and nutrients by carrying leftover interstitial fluid from blood capillaries around the body and returning it to the bloodstream. also plays role in fat/lipid absorption.
what is interstitial fluid
fluid in the spaces around cells
role of the spleen; it is like a ____
like a large lymph node. engulfs pathogens, removes damaged red blood cells, produces white blood cells.
components of cardiovascular system (include types of blood vessels)
heart
blood vessels; veins, arteries, capillaries
blood
what does blood transport
hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, immune cells
besides transport, what are blood’s important functions
pH regulation, temp regulation, immune response (carries immune cells)
bronchi are a bridge between:
the trachea and lungs
components of respiratory system
nose and sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm
general purpose of respiratory system, and purpose for most of its components
conducting (humidified, warm) air to sites of gas exchange
what is the larynx, + its additional function
the voicebox; it protects the trachea
additional function of the respiratory system (lungs) (beyond simply air conduction)
pH balance, due to regulation of co2 levels in blood.
what is the diaphragm’s function in the respiratory system
provides the muscular movement that generates the movement of air
what do each of the small and large intestines do
small breaks down food and absorbs its nutrients, large stores and removes waste
components of the digestive system
mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver and gallbladder, pancreas, anus
what do the salivary glands do
make food optimal for digestion with enzymes and lubrication
what does the pancreas do in the digestive system
it makes digestive enzymes which it secretes (via exocrine glands) into the duodenum of the small intestine
explain the liver and gallbladder’s function in the digestive system
liver makes bile, gallbladder concentrates it and secretes it into the small intestine
components of the urinary system
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
what is EPO
erythropoietin; hormone produced by kidneys that increases red blood cell production
structure and role of the epidermis
outermost layer of skin, made of stratified squamous epithelium. traversed by hair shafts, nails, sweat/sebacious glands.
produces vitamin D and protects internal structures.
structure and role of the dermis
second layer of skin, made of dense irregular connective tissue, has two layers reticular and papillary. contains nails, sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles including erector pili muscles.
broad functions of muscular system
posture, support, movement, protection, controls bodily exits and entrances (e.g mouth and anus), heat generation
specific functions of the appendicular skeletal muscles
supports limbs and allows their movement
specific functions of the axial skeletal muscles
supports and positions the axial skeleton
what does the axial skeleton do
support the body weight over the limbs and protect soft tissues/organs
what does the appendicular skeleton do
support the positioning of the limbs and allows muscular movement of skeleton
what is goitre
a swollen thyroid gland
what does the stomach do
secretes acid, enzymes, and hormones to break down food (but isn’t in the endocrine system)
what is bile
brown liquid that acts a detergent to break down fats in the small intestine
what is peristalsis
muscular contraction through the digestive tract
explain where erythropoietin is made and how it hormone works (i.e doping)
made in kidneys. stimulates erythropoiesis in red bone marrow, which is the process of red blood cell production from hemocytoblasts/hematopoietic stem cells (blood stem cells). increased red blood cell concentration in the blood leads to greater o2 capacity.
