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Phase 3a - Paediactrics > Misc > Flashcards

Misc Flashcards

1
Q

What are growth charts used for in paediatrics?

A

Growth charts are tools used to monitor a child\u2019s physical growth over time and identify deviations from expected growth patterns.

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2
Q

Growth charts are based on reference data from healthy children and plot __________, __________, and __________ against age.

A

weight; height (length); head circumference

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3
Q

True/False:
Q: Growth charts are specific to the child’s sex and sometimes ethnicity.

A

true.

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4
Q

What are the primary parameters measured on a growth chart?

A

Weight: Indicates nutritional status.
Height (length): Tracks linear growth.
Head circumference: Monitors brain and skull growth in infants and toddlers.
Body Mass Index (BMI): Assesses weight relative to height in children >2 years.

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5
Q

In children under __________ years, length is measured lying down, while height is measured standing in older children.

A

2

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6
Q

True/False:
Q: Head circumference is typically measured until 2 years of age

A

TRUE.

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7
Q

What do the percentiles on a growth chart represent?

A

The percentile shows how a child\u2019s measurement compares to a reference population:

50th percentile: Average for age and sex.
<3rd percentile: Potential growth problem or failure to thrive.
>97th percentile: Potential overgrowth or obesity.

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8
Q

A weight below the __________ percentile may indicate failure to thrive or undernutrition.

A

3rd

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9
Q

True/False:
Q: A child consistently following the same percentile is typically considered to have normal growth.

A

true.

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10
Q

What are some normal growth variations seen in children?

A

Catch-up growth (e.g., preterm infants).
Catch-down growth (e.g., infants with high birth weight).
Growth spurts during puberty.

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11
Q

What are common causes of poor weight gain in children?

A

Nutritional deficiencies.
Chronic illnesses (e.g., cystic fibrosis, coeliac disease).
Endocrine disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism).
Psychosocial factors (e.g., neglect).

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12
Q

A child with a drop across two or more percentiles on a growth chart requires further __________.

A

evaluation

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13
Q

True/False:
Q: A growth curve that flattens or falls off may indicate a chronic illness or nutritional deficiency.

A

true.

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14
Q

What conditions can cause abnormal head circumference growth?

A

Macrocephaly: Hydrocephalus, intracranial mass, genetic syndromes.
Microcephaly: Congenital infections (e.g., TORCH), chromosomal abnormalities, perinatal brain injury.

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15
Q

A head circumference above the __________ percentile may indicate macrocephaly.

A

97th

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16
Q

True/False:
Q: Rapid increases in head circumference are always normal during the first year of life.

A

False (May indicate hydrocephalus).

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17
Q

What specialized growth charts are available for specific populations?

A

Preterm growth charts (e.g., Fenton chart).
Syndromic growth charts (e.g., Down syndrome growth chart).
Condition-specific charts (e.g., Turner syndrome).

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18
Q

The __________ chart is used to track growth in preterm infants until 50 weeks postmenstrual age.

A

Fenton

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19
Q

True/False:
Q: Standard WHO growth charts are appropriate for all children, including those with syndromes.

A

False (Special charts may be more appropriate).

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20
Q

How is BMI interpreted in paediatric growth charts?

A

<5th percentile: Underweight.
5th\u201384th percentile: Healthy weight.
85th\u201394th percentile: Overweight.
\u226595th percentile: Obesity.

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21
Q

A BMI above the __________ percentile in children indicates obesity.

A

95th

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22
Q

True/False:
Q: BMI percentiles are age- and sex-specific in children.

A

true.

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23
Q

What steps should be taken when interpreting a growth chart?

A

Verify accurate measurement techniques.
Plot measurements on the correct chart (age, sex, special chart if applicable).
Evaluate growth trends over time.
Identify deviations from expected growth patterns.
Investigate and address underlying causes of abnormal growth.

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24
Q

Deviations in growth percentiles should prompt __________ evaluation, including medical, nutritional, and psychosocial factors.

A

comprehensive

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25
Q

True/False:
Q: Single-point measurements on a growth chart are sufficient for identifying growth abnormalities.

A

False (Trends over time are more informative).

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26
Q

What are developmental milestones?

A

Developmental milestones are key skills or behaviors that most children achieve by specific ages, categorized into gross motor, fine motor, speech and language, and social development domains.

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27
Q

Developmental milestones are grouped into four domains: __________ motor, __________ motor, __________ and language, and __________ development.

A

gross; fine; speech; social

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28
Q

What are the key gross motor milestones?

A

Newborn: Limbs flexed, symmetrical movements.
6 weeks: Head control when held upright.
3 months: Lifts head and chest in prone position.
6 months: Rolls front to back, sits with support.
9 months: Sits without support, crawls.
12 months: Pulls to stand, cruises.
18 months: Walks independently, climbs stairs with assistance.
2 years: Runs, kicks a ball.
3 years: Pedals a tricycle, climbs stairs with alternating feet.
4 years: Hops on one foot.

29
Q

A baby typically sits without support by __________ months.

A

9

30
Q

True/False:
Q: Most children can walk independently by 18 months.

A

true.

31
Q

What are the key fine motor and vision milestones?

A

6 weeks: Fixes and follows an object.
3 months: Holds a rattle briefly.
6 months: Transfers objects hand-to-hand.
9 months: Pincer grasp begins to develop.
12 months: Points, picks up small objects using a pincer grip.
18 months: Scribbles, builds a 3-block tower.
2 years: Builds a 6-block tower, turns pages in a book.
3 years: Copies a circle, builds a 9-block tower.
4 years: Draws a cross, uses scissors.

32
Q

The ability to transfer objects from one hand to the other is typically achieved by __________ months.

A

6

33
Q

True/False:
Q: A child should be able to draw a circle by 3 years of age.

A

true.

34
Q

What are the key speech and language milestones?

A

6 weeks: Startles to loud noises.
3 months: Coos, smiles in response to voice.
6 months: Babbles.
9 months: Responds to their name.
12 months: Says single words like “mama” or “dada.”
18 months: Vocabulary of 10–20 words.
2 years: Two-word phrases, follows simple commands.
3 years: Speaks in short sentences, knows 2–3 colors.
4 years: Tells stories, understands complex instructions.

35
Q

A child typically says their first word around __________ months of age.

A

12

36
Q

True/False:
Q: By 3 years of age, most children can form simple sentences and know several colors.

A

true.

37
Q

What are the key social and emotional milestones?

A

6 weeks: Smiles responsively (social smile).
6 months: Recognizes familiar faces, shows stranger anxiety.
9 months: Waves bye-bye, claps hands.
12 months: Plays peek-a-boo, shows attachment to caregivers.
18 months: Shows temper tantrums, imitates daily activities.
2 years: Parallel play.
3 years: Plays cooperatively, shares toys.
4 years: Engages in imaginative play, makes friends.

38
Q

A baby typically begins to show stranger anxiety by __________ months.

A

6

39
Q

True/False:
Q: Parallel play is common at 2 years of age.

A

true.

40
Q

What are some red flags in developmental milestones?

A

Gross motor: Not sitting by 9 months, not walking by 18 months.
Fine motor: Persistent fisting beyond 3 months, not developing a pincer grasp by 12 months.
Speech and language: No babbling by 9 months, no words by 18 months.
Social: No smile by 8 weeks, no interest in caregivers by 12 months.

41
Q

Failure to sit without support by __________ months is a red flag for gross motor development.

A

9

42
Q

True/False:
Q: A child who cannot speak any words by 18 months should be referred for evaluation

A

true.

43
Q

What tools are used to assess developmental milestones?

A

Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ).
Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST).
Schedule of Growing Skills (SOGS).
Growth charts and developmental checklists.

44
Q

The __________ Developmental Screening Test is widely used to monitor milestones across multiple domains.

A

Denver

45
Q

What is the purpose of the UK vaccination schedule?

A

To protect children and adults from serious infectious diseases by providing immunizations at recommended ages.

46
Q

True/False:
Q: The UK vaccination schedule is updated periodically based on emerging evidence and disease epidemiology.

A

true.

47
Q

What vaccine is offered to newborns at birth in certain cases?

A

BCG vaccine (for tuberculosis) is offered to high-risk babies.

48
Q

The BCG vaccine is given at birth to babies at high risk of __________.

A

tuberculosis

49
Q

What vaccines are given at 6-8 weeks of age?

A

6-in-1 vaccine (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio, Hib, Hepatitis B).
Rotavirus vaccine (oral).
Meningococcal group B (MenB).

50
Q

The 6-in-1 vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, __________, polio, Hib, and hepatitis B.

A

pertussis

51
Q

True/False:
Q: The rotavirus vaccine is given as an injection at 6-8 weeks.

A

False (It is given orally).

52
Q

What vaccines are given at 12 weeks of age?

A

6-in-1 vaccine (2nd dose).
Rotavirus vaccine (2nd dose).

53
Q

The second dose of the __________ vaccine is administered at 12 weeks of age

A

rotavirus

54
Q

What vaccines are given at 16 weeks of age?

A

6-in-1 vaccine (3rd dose).
MenB vaccine (2nd dose).

55
Q

True/False:
Q: The MenB vaccine is given at both 6-8 weeks and 16 weeks of age.

A

true.

56
Q

What vaccines are given at 1 year of age?

A

Hib/MenC combined vaccine.
MMR vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella).
MenB vaccine (3rd dose).
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV).

57
Q

True/False:
Q: The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is a booster dose at 1 year.

A

true.

58
Q

What vaccine is offered annually to children aged 2-10 years?

A

The nasal flu vaccine.

59
Q

The nasal flu vaccine is administered annually to protect against _______

A

influenza

60
Q

True/False:
Q: The flu vaccine for children is usually administered via injection.

A

False (It is administered nasally).

61
Q

What vaccines are given at 3 years and 4 months?

A

MMR vaccine (2nd dose).
4-in-1 preschool booster (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio).

62
Q

What vaccine is given to boys and girls aged 12-13 years?

A

HPV vaccine (2 doses 6 months apart).

63
Q

What vaccines are given at 14 years of age?

A

3-in-1 teenage booster (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Polio).
MenACWY vaccine (Meningococcal groups A, C, W, Y).

64
Q

What vaccine is recommended during pregnancy?

A

Whooping cough vaccine (from 16 weeks of pregnancy).
Seasonal flu vaccine.

65
Q

What vaccines are offered in special circumstances?

A

BCG vaccine: High-risk infants for tuberculosis.
Hepatitis B vaccine: For babies born to hepatitis B-positive mothers.
COVID-19 vaccine: As per current guidelines.

66
Q

The __________ vaccine is given at birth to babies born to hepatitis B-positive mothers.

A

hepatitis B

67
Q

True/False:
Q: The COVID-19 vaccine is included in the routine vaccination schedule for all children.

A

False (It is given based on eligibility and guidelines).

68
Q

What is the purpose of catch-up vaccinations?

A

To ensure children and adolescents who missed scheduled vaccines are protected against preventable diseases.

Phase 3a - Paediactrics (17 decks)

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