Misc. Flashcards
Cleft palate caused by failure of
palatal process
Cleft lip caused by failure of
maxillary prominence and intermaxillary segment
The UTI of E. Coli is due to which virulence factor?
Fimbriae
Dopamine (from hypothalamus) has what effect on prolactin release from the pituitary?
Dopamine INHIBITS prolactin
Lactotrophs contain what additional receptor? (not for prolactin)
TRH receptors –> release prolactin when stimulated
What is the mechanism of IL-2 chemotherapeutic effect?
Growth factor for T lymphocytes –> increased T cell and NK cell activity
PSGN is mediated by what type of HS reaction and what immune deposit?
Type III/IgG immune complex deposit
What drug is used to reduce risk of chronic kidney disease in pts with HTN/DM?
ACE or ARBS (use ARB if they have cough)
What property of elastin contributes to its ability to stretch and recoil?
Interchain cross links involving lysine
Patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency develop (what enzyme) degradation?
Elastin –> Early onset LOWER LOBE PREDOMINANT emphysema
Persistent depressive DO (dysthymia) requires how long of symptoms?
Two years or more
First line treatment for schizophrenia (MOA)
Antipsychotics: antagonism at postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors
Thyroidperoxidase catalyzes what reaction?
Thyroglobulin iodination
What liver mass is classically identified incidentally as a pale yellow stellate scar?
Focal nodular hyperplasia (young women)
Subclavian steal syndrome results in retrograde flow in what artery?
Left vertebral due to occlusion in L subclavian
Kleinfelter syndrome usually does not present until
Puberty: gynecomastia and azoospermia, intellectual disability, tall stature with sparse facial and body hair, decreased muscle mass.
Drugs can improve penetrance in the brain by inhibiting what?
P-glycoprotein EFFLUX pump
Rapid antigen detection testing is needed prior to antibiotic treatment for
Group A strep antigen
Age related changes to the respiratory system more prominently include
Decreased chest wall compliance and decreased alveolar elastic recoil –> increases tidal volume and decreases efficiency of alveolar-capillary gas exchange.
Septic organ dysfunction is driven by
poor tissue oxygen use
The 3 main mechanisms of cellular dysoxia in sepsis are
- Bacterial components & acute phase cytokines trigger production of free radicals that damage mictochondria and ETC
- Widespread microcirculatory failure
- Increased capillary permability
A loud S2 pulmonic component is indicative of
Pulmonary hypertension
What artery supplies the AV node?
Posterior descending artery
The posterior descending artery originates from either
RCA (80%)/R dominant
LCX (10%)/L dominant
Both (10%)/Codominant
Renal artery blood flow is proportional to vessel radius raised to the what power?
4th power
FLOW = r^4
Acute simple cystitis from recent sexual intercourse is treated empirically with what drug?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
What are some symptoms of acute simple cystitis?
Dysuria, urinary frequency/urgency, UA showing pyuria/bacteriuria
Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are directly stimulated by what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine (they secrete NE and EPI)
Acyclovir is effective against what viruses?
HSV1, HSV2, VZV
How does acyclovir get activated?
phosphorylated in the host cell to acyclovir monophosphate, then phosphorylated to active triphosphate form to impair DNA polymerase replication in HSV
What two antifungal drugs bind ergosterol in cell membranes and create lysis-causing pores?
Amphotericin B and Nystatin (POLYENES)
What does caspofungin block in the fungal cell wall?
glucan component (candida and aspergillus)
Cyclosporine MOA
decreases IL-2 (inhibits T-cell proliferation, used in immunosuppressant therapy in transplant recipients)
Flucytosine indication
in combination with amphotericin B for cryptococcal meningitis in HIV patients
What is griseofulvin’s MOA?
Inhibits mitosis via interaction with fungal cell microtubules. Useful in dermatophyte infections
How do anti-fungal azoles work?
inhibit synthesis of ergosterol
How do echinocandins work?
Inhibit glucan synthesis (fungal cell wall)
What are the echinocandins?
Caspofungin and micafungin
What is the only pyrimidine used as an antifungal?
Flucytosine (converted to 5-FU and interferes with RNA and protein synthesis)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate tests for acute phase reactants such as
IL-1, IL-6, TFN alpha, IF gamma
How do you perform ESR?
Place whole blood in a narrow tube, erythrocytes setlle at bottom
Roleaux formation in ESR is indicative of what?
Presence of acute phase reactants
Sudden cardiac death is most commonly due to
Ventricular fibrillation
Regional contractile dysfunction more commonly presents as (what kind of shock)
Cardiogenic shock- hypotension and respiratory distress
