Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

My notes - med > Misc 1 > Flashcards

Misc 1 Flashcards

1
Q

APGAR

A

Appearance (blue, pink body, pink everywhere)
Pulse (none, <100, >100)
Grimace(floppy, minimal response to stim, prompt response)
Activity (absent, flexed arms/legs, active)
Resp (absent, slow/irreg, vigorous cry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

APGAR meanings

A

0-3 v low
4-6 moderate low
7-10 baby is in good state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Menorrhagia tx in trying to get preg

A

tranexamic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Menorrhagia tx if not trying for family

A

IUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Menorrhagia Ix

A

FBC

Transvaginal US if post coital bleeding, pelvic pain/pressure, intermenstrual bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sheehans syndrome

A

Severe PPH causes ischemia to pituitary gland –> hypopituitary –> trouble producing milk + amenorrhea
Test for prolactin and gonadotropin stim tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of galactorrhea

A

hyperprolactinemia
D2 receptor antagonistic meds
pituitary adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

PPH RF

A 
prev PPH
prolonged labour
pre eclampsia
>maternal age
polyhydramnios
emergency CS
placenta previa, placenta accreta
macrosomia
ritodrine (beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonist used for tocolysis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PPH mgmt

A

ABC + 2 periph cannula
IV syntocinon (oxytocin) 10 units OR IV ergometrine 500mcg
IM carboprost
If meds didnt work –> intrauterine balloon tamponade
ligation of uterine arteries or internal iliac arteries
hysterectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of secondary PPH

A

retained placental tissue

endometritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ADHD inattention ft

A
  • doesnt follow through on instructions
  • reluctant to engage in -mentally intense tasks
  • easily distracted
  • finds it difficult to sustain tasks
  • finds it difficult to organize tasks/activities
  • forgetful in daily activities
  • loses things necessary for tasks/activities
  • doesnt seem to listen when spoken to directly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ADHD hyperactivity/impulsivity ft

A
  • unable to play quietly
  • talks excessively
  • doesnt wait their turn easily
  • will spontaneously leave seat when expected to sit
  • often on the go
  • interruptive or intrusive to others
  • answers prematurely, before q finished
  • run and climb in situations where it’s not appropriate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ADHD meds

A

methylphenidate - 6 week trial (acts on dop/norep reuptake inhibitor. SE N/dyspepsia/abdo pain)
Lisdexamfetamine
dexamfetamine
ALL CARDIOTOXIC - do ECG at baseline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

GDM rf

A 
BMI >30
prev macrosomic baby >4.5kg 
prev GDM
1st deg relative w DM
family origin (south asian, black caribbean, middle eastern)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GDM screening

A

Priod GDM - OGTT asap after booking (12 w) + 24-28w

Other RF - 24-28w

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

OGTT levels GDM

A

Fasting: >5.1

1hr: >10
2hr: >8.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2 pills missed in week 1

A

emergency contraception if sex during pill-free interval or week 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2 pills missed in week 3

A

continue as normal and omit the pill free week and add 7 days additional precautions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Missed 1 pill (any time in cycle)

A

take last pill even if it means 2 in one day

continue as normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 pills missed

A

take last pill even if means taking two in one day, continue taking pills daily
take precautions until have taken pills for 7 straight days
W1: emergency contracep if unprotected sex in pill free interval of w1
W2: no need for EC if have taken for 7 consecutive days
W3: finishe pills in pack and start a new pack right away, omit pill free interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ectopic w heartbeat on US

A

salpingectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ectopic preg : expectant management

A

<35mm, unruptured, no HR, asymptomatic and declining HCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mifepristone

A

termination of intrauterine preg only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ectopic preg Ix

A

transvaginal ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Methotrexate for ectopic if:
``` <35mm unruptured no pain no heartbeat bHCG <1500 ```
26
Surgical mgmt ectopic if:
``` >35mm can be ruptured pain HR >1500 HCG ```
27
RF for developmental dysplasia of hips
1st degree fam hx of hip issues in early life breech presentation at or after 36w (doesnt matter what presentation was at delivery) Breech pres at delivery if earlier than 36 w female sex, firstborn, oligohydramnios birth weight >5kg, congenital calcaneovalgus foot deformity
28
Barlow
attempt to dislocate
29
Ortolani
attempt to relocate a dislocated femoral head
30
whooping cough tx
azithromycin or clarithromycin if onset within 21d | Household contacts given prophylaxis
31
Whooping cough ft
2-3d coryza coughing bouts - worse at night + after feeding, cand end w vomit/central cyanosis apnea spells inspiratory whoop persistent cough can lead to subconjuctival hemorrhage or anoxia leading to syncope/seizure sx can last 10-14 weeks lymphocytosis
32
Whooping cough dx criteria
``` acute cough >14 days with no cause + 1 of these: paroxysmal cough inspiratory whoop post-tussive vom undx apneic attacks ```
33
Whooping cough school
keep out until 48h after starting abx
34
Scabies tx
permethrin 5% | 2nd line: melathion 0.5%
35
Crusted Norwegian scabies tx
Ivermectin | Pt with immunosuppression, need to isolate them
36
Acutely painful red eye + reduced visual acuity, photophobia. Exam: small pupil, pus in anterior chamber
Anterior uveitis | Tx: hydrocortisone drops + cycloplegic drops (atropine)
37
Open angle glaucoma tx
Dorxolamide - carbonic anhydrase inhibitor to reduce aqueous production Lantanoprost - prostaglandin analogue increasing uveoscleral outflow
38
Acute angle closure glaucoma
IV acetazolamide
39
Anterior uveitits
Iris + ciliary body HLA B27 Pain + red, acute, blurry vision, lacrimation, hypopyon
40
Anterior uveitis assoc w
``` Ank spond Reactive arthritis UC, Crohn's Behce't disease Sarcoidosis ```
41
Entropion
eyelid turned inward to lashes rub eyeball
42
Ectropion
out turning of eyelids
43
Blepharitis
Inflammation of eyelid margins, leading to red eye
44
Stye
infection of glands of eyelid
45
Latanoprost
open angle glaucoma prostaglandin analogue SE: increased eye lashe length, iris pigmentation, periocular pigmentation
46
Open angle glaucoma defn
Raised intraocular pressure iris clear of trabecular meshwork slow, symptomless for a long time visual field defect, cupping of optic disc
47
Open angle glaucoma Ix
- automated perimetry to assess visual field - slit lamp examination with pupil dilatation to assess optic neve and fundus for a baseline - applanation tonometry to measure IOP - central corneal thickness measurement - gonioscopy to assess peripheral anterior chamber configuration and depth - Assess risk of future visual impairment, using risk factors such as IOP, central corneal thickness (CCT), family history, life expectancy
48
open angle glaucoma tx
1: prostaglandin analogue (lantanoprost - increase uveoscleral outflow) 2: BB (timolol - reduce aqueous prod), carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (reduce aqu prod), sympathomimetic (reduce aqu prod, increase outflow) 3: laser
49
rapidly worsening painful eczema, fever
eczema herpeticum HSV 1 and 2 more common in those w atopic eczema
50
Eczema herpeticum tx
IV acyclovir
51
fixed dilated pupil w conjunctival injection
acute closed angle glaucoma
52
Acute pain, visual changes, halos in vision
acute closed angle glaucoma
53
segmental conjunctival injection
episcleritis
54
lost red reflex
cataracts | retinoblastoma
55
reduced abduction of eye
muscular or neuro
56
boundaries of inguinal canal/indirect hernia
Inguinal ligament - inf external oblique - ant conjoined tendon - sup transversalis fascia - post
57
Hasselbachs triangle - direct hernia
RIP Rectus abdominis (med) Inferior epigastric vessels (sup/lat) Pouparts lig (inguinal lig) - inf
58
Femoral canal borders
``` FLIP Femoral vein - lat Lacunar lig - med Inguinal lig - sup Pectineal lig - post ```
59
Femoral triangle - contains fem canal
SAIL Sartorius - lat Adductor longus - med Iinguinal Lig - sup
60
Contents of fem triangle
NAVY - lat to med Nerve Artery Vein
61
Nipple inversion
normal in many (congenital, weight loss) | No precipitant - breast CA, breast abscess, mammary duct ectasia, mastitis)
62
Nipple discharge
milky - galactorrhea Purulent yello/green/brown - mastitis, central abscess, duct ectasia Watery/blood - DCIS
63
Breast scaling
Pagets esp w erythema and pruritis | -->in situ or invasive carcinoma
64
Breast erythema
mastitis or abscess fat necrosis CA
65
Breast puckering
invasion of suspensory ligaments by malignancy
66
Breast peau d'orange
cutaneous lymphatic edema - inflammatory BCA
67
breast tethering
invasive BCA
68
Breast lump description
``` location size shape consistency (smooth, firm, rubbery) mobility fluctuance (cyst v solid) skin changes ```
69
Diverticulosis RF
Increased age Low fibre diet Obesity NSAIDs
70
Diverticulosis Tx
Increase Fibre Bulk forming laxatives (ispaghula husk) Surgery
71
Uncomplicated diverticulitis tx
oral co-amoxiclav analgesia (not NSAID) clear liquids and avoid solid food until sx improve follow up in 2d
72
Hospital mgmt diverticulitis
``` NPO, clear fluids IV abx IV fluids Analgesia CT scan Surgery ```
73
Diverticulitis complications
``` Perforation Peritonitis Peridiverticular disease Hemorrhage Fistula (colon and bladder or vagina) Ileus/obstruction ```
74
Colorectal CA RF
``` Fam Hx FAP (fam adenomatous polyposis) HNPCC (Lynch syndrome) IBD Age Diet (high red+processed meat, low fibre) Obesity Smoking Alcohol ```
75
CEA
predict relapse of colon CA
76
Dukes A
confined to mucosa and part of muscle of bowel wall
77
Dukes B
extending through muscle of bowel wall
78
Dukes C
LN involvement
79
Dukes D
mets
80
Tx
unable to assess size
81
T1
submucosa
82
T2
muscularis propria
83
T3
subserosa and serosa (outer layer) but not through serosa
84
T4
through serosa (4a) reading other tissues/organs (4b)
85
Cholangitis
inflam of bile ducts
86
Cholecystitis
Inflam gallbladder
87
Choledocholithiasis
gallstones in bile duct
88
Raised bilirubin
obstruction to flow of bile ducts - jaundice
89
High bili + high ALP + RUQ pain
biliary obstruction
90
Causes of raised ALP
Liver, bone, biliary system, pregnancy
91
AST + ALT
markers of hepatocellular injury
92
Causes of cholangitis
obstruction of bile ducts (CBD often) causing inflammation | infection from ERCP
93
Causes of cholecystitis
blockage of cystic duct preventing drainage
94
Organisms causing cholangitis
E Coli Klebsiella Enterococcus
95
high plasma osmolality and low urine osmolality, person thirsty
Diabetes insipidus
96
Diabetes insipidus
poor water resorption by kidneys due to lack of ADH from pituitary or from reduced sinsitivity of kidneys. Can't concentrate the urine. Dilute urine
97
Diabetes insipidus test
water deprivation test/desmopressin test No fluid/food x 8h Norm: increase in urine osmol (ADH working) in response to no H2O in order to maintain plasma osmolarity. Cranial DI: rise in plasma osmol w low osmol urine until exogenous ADH given Nephro DI: same but no response to exogenous ADH
98
Causes of cranial DI
``` idiopathic head injury pituitary surgery craniopharyngiomas Infx (meningitiss, enceph, TB) Hemochromatosis **alcohol binge mimics it ```
99
Causes of nephrogenic DI
genetic hypercalcemia hypokalemia *lithium
100
Nephrogenic DI tx
thiazides, low salt/protein diet
101
Cranial DI tx
desmopressin
102
Primary polydipsia
Normal ADH system but drinking excessive water and having v dilute urine
103
polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, postural hypotension, hypernatremia, high serum osmol w low urine osmol
DI
104
Polyuria defn
>3L in 24h
105
tx of anemia in CKD
EPO | Kidney is not producing enough EPO itself anymore
106
Testicular torsion
Severe and sudden pain Referred to low abdo N/V Swollen, tender testis retracted upwards, red skin Cremasteric reflex lost Elevation does NOT ease pain (neg Prehn's)
107
Epididymal cysts
most common scrotal swelling separate from body of testicle, usually posterior to testis. Assoc: PKD, CF, von Hippel Lindau
108
Hydrocele
accumulation of fluid in tunica vaginalis | communicating (patent processus vaginalis, common in 5-10% newborns) and non-comm (excessive fluid prod. in tunica vag)
109
Hydrocele secondary to:
epididymo-orchitis test torsion test tumour
110
Hydrocele ft
soft, non tender anterior swelling, extends below Confined to scrotum, can get above it Transilluminates hard to palpate testis
111
Hydrocele mgmt
Infant: repair if doesn't resolve by 1-2y Adults: conservative, Ix, underlying tumour?
112
Varicocele
Enlargement of testicular veins Asymptomatic often More common left side (>80%) Bag of worms, decreased subfertility
113
Staghorn calcui comp.
Struvite: magnesium ammonium phosphate, triple phosphate | Form in alkaline urine (ammonia producing bacteria)
114
Types of renal stones
``` Calcium oxalate (40%) Mixed calcium(25%) ox/phosphate Triple phosphate Calcium phosphate Urate Cystine stones Xanthine stones ```
115
Radio-lucent kidney stones
urate | xanthine
116
Semi opaque kidney stones
cystine
117
Balanitis xerotica obliterans
rare caused by lichen sclerosis Itchy, assoc w white plaques and scarring
118
Paraphimosis
emergency | retracted foreskin cant be returned to normal position
119
Phimosis
foreskin too tight to be pulled back over head of glans penis
120
Balanitis
inflammation of glans penis sometimes extending to underside of foreskin
121
Tamsulosin SE
dizziness | Postural hypotension
122
BPH RF
>50 (50%) >80 (80%) Black>white>asian
123
BPH sx
Voiding: weak/intermittent stream, straining, hesitancy, dribbling, incomp emptying Storage: urgency, freq, urg incont, nocturia Post micturition: dribbling Comps: UTI, retention, obstructive uropathy
124
BPH tx
Watch + wait Meds: alpha 1 antagonists (tamsulosin, alfuzosin), 5 alpha reductase inhib (finasteride) Surgery: TURP
125
Alpha 1 antagonists
tamsulosin, alfuzosin decrease smooth muscle tone (prostate, bladder) dizzy, postural hypotension, dry mouth, depression
126
5 alpha reductase inhibitors
finasteride block testosterone to DHT (which induces BPH) reduce prostate volume and slows progression ED, low libido, ejaculation issues, gynecomastia Can take 6m to work
127
Scan for kidney stones
non contrast spiral CT
128
Drugs causing kidney stones
Calcium stones: loop diuretics, steroids, acetazolmide, theophylline
129
RF for urate kidney stones
gout | ileostomy (loss of bicarb and fluid --> acidic urine)
130
Peds maintenance fluids
100ml/kg first 10kg 50ml/kg second 10kg 20ml/kg next kg's
131
Peds fluid choice
.45% NaCl + 5% dextrose
132
Daily fluid req's
25-30ml/kg/day H2O 1mmol/kg/day K and Cl 50-100g/d glucose
133
Adult maintenance
25-30ml/kg/d NaCl .18% in 4% glucose w 27mmol/L K
134
Post kidney transplant cancers
Squamous cell Ca of skin Cervical Ca Lumphoma
135
Renal transplant immuno sup: initial
ciclosporin/tacrolimus + monoclonal Ab
136
Renal transplant immuno sup: maintenance
ciclosporin/tacrolimus + Micophenolate mofetil or Sirolimus | +/- steroids
137
Ciclosporin
inhibits calineurin which is involved in T cell activation
138
Tacrolimus
Lowers rejection rate rena trans HTN and hyperlipidemia SE: DM
139
Micophenolate mofetil
blocks purine synthesis, inhibits B and T cells | SE: GI and marrow suppression
140
Sirolimus (rapamycin)
blocks T cell proliferation via IL-2 block | SE hyperlipidemia
141
Monoclonal Ab
Inhibit IL-2 | daclizumab, basilximab
142
White cell casts in urine, high WCC/IgE/eosinophils
Acute interstitial nephritis
143
Acute interstitial nephritis sx
fever, rash, arthralgia, eosinophilia, renal impair, HTN
144
Acute interstitial nephritis causes
``` Drugs -penicillin -rifampicin -NSAID -allopurinol -furosemide Disease -SLE -Sarcoidosis -Sjogren Infx -Hanta virus -Staph ```
145
Young woman, fever, weight loss, painful red eyes. Urinalysis leuk + protein
tubulointerstitial nephritis
146
CKD bone disease
low vit D high phosphate low Ca (lack of vit D and high phos) secondary hyperparathyroidism: low Ca, Low D, high phos
147
CKD bone disease manifestations
``` osteitis fibrosa cystica - hyperparathyroid reduced cell activity osteomalacia from low vid d osteosclerosis osteoporosis ```
148
Vomiting electrolyte dist
hypo-K hypo-Cl met alk - from hydrogen loss
149
Diarrhea electrolyte disturb
normal anion gap acidosis
150
Anion gap calc:
(Na+K) - (HCO3+Cl) | 8-14=normal
151
Normal anion gap or hyperchloremic met acidosis causes:
``` diarrhea, fistula renal tubular acidosis acetazolamide ammonuim chloride injection addisons ```
152
raised anion gal met acid causes
``` lactate: shock, hypoxia Ketones: DKA, alcohol Urate: renal fail Acid poisoning: salicylates, methanol 5-oxoproline: paracetamol ```
153
ED tests
morning testosterone | If low --> prolactin/FSH/LH
154
SIADH bloods
hyponatremia low serum osmolaliry high urinary sodium
155
DI bloods
Hypernatremia high serum osmol Low urine osmol
156
Primary polydipsia bloods
norm/low serum Na | normal/low serum osmol
157
Causes of polyuria
``` diretics/coffee/alcohol DM lithium HF Hyper-Ca Hyperthyroid CKD Primary polydipsia Hypo-K DI ```
158
CKD w raised albumin:Cr--> tx
ACEi (ramipril)
159
when to refer to nephrology for ACR
>70mg alone >30 + hematuria 3-29 + persistent hematuria + RF like low eGFR or CVD
160
Nephrotic syndrome criteris
peripheral edema proteinuria >3 (frothy urine) Albumin <25 hypercholesterolemia
161
Nephritis syndrome criteria
hematuria (micro/macro) oliguria proteinuria (<3) fluid retention
162
reactive arthritis
balanitis/urethritis/cervicitis arthritis conjunctivitis/iritis
163
Most glomerulonephritis tx
steroids | ACEi/ARB
164
Most common nephrotic dx in kids
minimal change
165
Most common nephrotic dx in adults
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
166
IgA nephropathy/Bergers
primary glomerulonephritis 20's IgA deposits + mesangial proliferation
167
Membranous glomerulonephritis
20's and 60's IgG + complement deposition in BM Mostly idiopathic Can be secondary to malignancy, rheum disorder, drugs (NSAIDs)
168
Post strep glomerulonephritis/ diffuse proliferative
<30 1-3 week post strep nephritis syndrome full recovery
169
Goodpasture
Anti-GBM Ab attach glomerulus + pulmonary BM Pulm hem + glomerulopephitis eg AKI + Hemop
170
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
crescentic glomerulonephritis Acutely ill secondary to goodpastures
171
Causes of CKD
HTN DM Congenital renal conditions
172
AKI presents w
oliguria anuria BUN:Cr v high
173
Renal failure disturbances
Metabolic acidosis from retained H Hyperkalemia In ppl w HF, Pulm Edema, HTN--> periorbital/periph edema Uremia (N/anorex/bleed) Uremic pericarditis Uremic neuropathy(progressive encephalopathy w asterixis) Liver - increase lipid synthesis (hypertriglyceridemia) EPO deficiency - anemia
174
Renal osteodystrophy
Hyperphosphatemia Hypocalcemia Lead to brittle bones, increased PTH-->increased bone breakdown Deposits in vasculature of phosphate+calcium
175
Prerenal AKI path
low blood in --> low blood being filtered --> low GFR --> less excretion of Ur + Cr --> increased BUN:Cr ALSO RAAS activ-->higher aldosterone-->Na+H2O reabsorbed --> urea reabsorbed Urine Na low, concentrated (>500osm)
176
Intrarenal AKI path
Kidney damade --> cant filter and reabsorb --> less Ur/Cr being reabsorbed --> BUN:Cr <20:1 No Na reabs --> urine Na high --> no water reabs --> urine osmol<300
177
Intrarenal AKI causes
``` ATN from ischemia from prerenal AKI Acute interstitial nephritis Acute glomerulonephritis Diffuse cortical necrosis contrast dye aminoglycosides cisplatin heavy metals myoglobin hemoglobinuria - hemolytic anemia ```
178
ATN path
insult oliguric phase (hyperkalemia, uremia, metabolic acidosis) recovery (hypokalemia, polyuria) Muddy brown casts w renal tubular epithelial cells
179
Acute interstitial nephritis
Inflam of inerstitium over days to weeks Type 1 or 4 hypersensitivity Usually meds: NSAID, penicillin, rifampicin, diretics, PPI. Infx Autoimmune conditions: Sjogren, sarcoidosis
180
Acute interstitial nephritis sx
``` fever rash hematuria pyuria costovertebral tenderness OR asymptomatic ```
181
Acute interstitial nephritis labs
eosinophilia | Urine: WBC casts, RBC, WBC
182
Acute glomerulonephrtis
Inflamm, rapidly progressive glom., hemolytic uremic syndrome
183
Acute glomerulonephritis signs
hemolytic anemia thrombocytopenia AKI bloody diarrhea prior
184
Postrenal AKI causes
blockage of urine BPH Prostate Ca Kidney stones
185
Postrenal AKI labs
Urine osmol low <350 | Less fluids reabsorbed
186
Prerenal AKI lab values
BUN:Cr >20:1 Urine Na <20 FeNA <1 Urine osmol >500
187
Intrarenal AKI labs
BUN:Cr <20:1 Urine Na >40 FeNA >2 Urine osmol <350
188
Postrenal AKI
Urine osmol <350

My notes - med (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions