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Principles Revision Points > Mircobiology > Flashcards

Mircobiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a prion?

A

An infectious protein that has no DNA or RNa

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2
Q

What do viruses consist of?

A

RNA or DNA (RNA is a retrovirus)
Protein coat
Sometimes a lipid capsule

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3
Q

What are the components of a bacteria?

A 
DNA or RNA
One double-stranded chromosome
Cell membrane
Cell wall (with or without a capsule)
Flagellae (movement)
Pili (adhesion)
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4
Q

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?

A

Coccus - round
Bacillus - rod-shaped
Spirochaetes - spirals

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5
Q

What colour is a gram positive stain?

A

Purple

Positive purPle

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6
Q

What colour is a gram negative stain?

A

Pink

Negative piNk

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7
Q

Do gram positive or gram negative bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan wall?

A

Gram positive

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8
Q

Do gram positive or gram negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharides?

A

Gram negative

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9
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A harmful organism

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10
Q

What is a commensal?

A

An organism that is part of the normal flora

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11
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

An organism which will usually only cause infection in an immunocompromised individual

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12
Q

What is a contaminant?

A

An organism that has got into a culture by accident

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13
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

The ability of a microorganism to produce disease

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14
Q

What is virulence?

A

The degree of pathogenicity of an organism (how easily an organism can cause disease)

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15
Q

What do bacteria require for growth?

A

Food
Moisture
Correct temperature
Correct pH

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16
Q

What are the 3 main types of atmosphere for bacteria growth?

A

Aerobic - grow in presence of oxygen
Microaerophilic - atmosphere with reduced O and increased CO2
Anaerobic - no oxygen present

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17
Q

What type of toxin does gram positive bacteria produce?

A

Exotoxin

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18
Q

What type of toxin does gram negative bacteria produce?

A

Endotoxin

gram Negative eNdotoxin

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19
Q

What are the two types of fungi?

How do they reproduce?

A

Moulds - produce spores

Yeasts - reproduce by budding

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20
Q

Are streptococci or staphylococci classified by haemolysis?

A

Streptococci

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21
Q

Are streptococci or staphylococci classified by coagulase?

A

Staphylococci

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22
Q

Describe streptococcus

A

Aerobic gram positive cocci in chains

step, strip

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of haemolysis or streptococci?

A

Alpha - partial haemolysis
Beta - complete haemolysis
Gamma - no haemolysis

24
Q

Which types of streptococcus cause alpha haemolysis?

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

Streptococcus viridans

25
Q

Which types of streptococcus causes beta haemolysis?

A

Group A strep (eg strep pyogenes)

Group B strep

26
Q

What is the most common group of non-haemolytic streptococcus?

A

Enterococci

27
Q

Describe staphylococcus

A

Aerobic gram positive cocci in clusters

28
Q

Which test is used to distinguish staphylococcus?

A

Coagulase

29
Q

What is the most common coagulase positive staphylococcus?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

30
Q

Where do coagulase negative staphylococcus tend to be found?

A

On the skin, eg staph epidermidis

31
Q

What is the treatment of choice for staphylococcus aureus infection?

A

Flucloxacillin

32
Q

What do gram negative cocci appear as on Gram film?

A

Diplococci (pairs)

33
Q

What are 2 examples of gram negative cocci?

A

Neisseria meningitides

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

34
Q

What are coliforms?

A

Species of gram negative bacilli that look like E.coli on gram film, and when cultured on blood agar

35
Q

What is clostridium?

A

Gram positive anaerobic bacilli

36
Q

What is bacteroides?

A

Gram negative anaerobic bacilli

37
Q

What is the first line treatment used for infections caused by anaerobes?

A

Metronidazole

38
Q

What is the gram stain of mycobacteria?

A

Nothing - they don’t take up gram stain

39
Q

What bacteria causes tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

40
Q

How does genetic variation occur in bacteria?

A

Mutation - failure of accurate replication of bacteria DNA
Transformation - DNA released from dead bacteria and taken up by living bacteria
Conjugation - transfer of plasmids
Transduction - viruses infect bacteria can transfer bits of DNA from one bacterium to another

41
Q

What are the 5 ways any infection can spread?

A 
Inhalation
Ingestion
Inoculation
mother to Infant
Intercourse
42
Q

What are the 5 moments for hand hygiene?

A 
Before patient contact
Before aseptic technique
After body fluid exposure risk
After patient contact
After contact with patient surroundings
43
Q

What are the stages of viral replication?

A 
Attachment
Entry
Nucleic acid and protein synthesis
Assembly
Release (by budding or lysis)
44
Q

By which mechanisms can antibiotics work?

A

Acting on bacterial cell wall
Acting on the bacterial ribosome
Acting on bacterial DNA directly

45
Q

Which antibiotics act on the bacterial cell wall?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Glycopepties

46
Q

What are the names of penicillins?

A 
Penicillin
Flucloxacillin
Amoxicillin
Temocillin
Co-amoxiclav
Piperacillin
47
Q

What are the names of the cephalosporins?

A

Ceftriaxone

48
Q

What are the names of the glycopeptides?

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

49
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Others

50
Q

What are the names of the macrolides?

A

Erythromycin
Clarythromycin
Azithromycin

51
Q

What are the names of the tetracyclines?

A

Doxycycline

52
Q

What are the names of the aminoglycosides?

A

Gentamycin

53
Q

What are the antibiotics that act on bacterial DNA?

A

Metronidazole
Trimethoprim
Fluoroquinolones

54
Q

What are the names of the fluoroquinolones?

A

Ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin

55
Q

What are the 4 broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

Cephalosprins
Co-amoxiclav
Ciprofloxacin
Clindamycin

Principles Revision Points (11 decks)

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