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Pharm + Patient Year 3 Sem 2 > Minor Ailments > Flashcards

Minor Ailments Flashcards

OSCE

1
Q

Give 5 potential causes of mouth ulcers?

A 
Stress
Trauma
Sensitivity to certain foods
Menstrual cycle
Smoking
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2
Q

What are the age parameters for mouth ulcers?

A

Most common aged 20-40

Refer any children under 10

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3
Q

How long do mouth ulcers normally last? When should you refer?

A

Last 10-14 days

Refer if they have not resolved after 2-3 weeks or if there is no improvement after 1 week of treatment

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4
Q

Give 5 disease states that may make mouth ulcers more common.

A 
Coeliac disease
Crohn's
Reiter's syndrome
Immunodeficiency
B12 or iron deficient anaemia
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5
Q

Give 3 medicines that may make mouth ulcers more common.

A

NSAIDs
Nicorandil
Beta-blockers

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6
Q

What are the danger symptoms of mouth ulcers?

A 
Bleeding gums
One large ulcer (over 1 cm diameter)
Irregular shape
Weight loss/diarrhoea
Genital ulcers
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7
Q

Give 3 treatment options for mouth ulcers.

A 
Lidocaine- local anaesthetic to reduce pain
Cetalkonium chloride (bonjela) to reduce pain
Chlorhexidine mouthwash
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8
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with a mouth ulcer?

A

Oral hygiene
Regular dentist visits
Using a soft toothbrush
Avoid hard foods or foods that trigger ulcers

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9
Q

Give 3 potential causes of oral thrush?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics
Immunosuppression
Inhaled steroids

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10
Q

What are the age parameters for oral thrush?

A

Most common in babies

Refer patients over 50 years

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11
Q

How long does oral thrush normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if over 3 weeks or infection is recurrent

If no improvement after one week of treatment

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12
Q

Give 2 disease states that may make oral thrush more common.

A

Immunosuppression
Diabetes
(Refer)

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13
Q

What are the danger symptoms of oral thrush?

A

Painless lesions
Lesions that cannot be wiped off
Recurrent infection

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14
Q

Give 2 treatment options for oral thrush.

A

Miconazole oral gel- not to be used with warfarin or in pregnancy
Chlorhexidine mouthwash

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15
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with oral thrush?

A

Use very soft toothbrush
Ensure good blood glucose control
Use spacer with inhaled steroids
Leave dentures out for at least 6 hours out of 24
Regularly sterilise/disinfect dentures, dummies, mouth toys

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16
Q

What are the differences between indigestion and heartburn?

A

Heartburn- burning sensation in centre of chest worsens when lying down
Indigestion- pain in stomach, bloated, full sensation

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17
Q

Give 7 potential causes of heartburn and indigestion?

A 
Pregnancy
Obesity
Tight clothing
Smoking
Skipping meals
Bending or lifting
Certain food/drink
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18
Q

What are the age parameters for indigestion/heartburn?

A

Usually occurs in young adults

Refer over 45s suffering for the first time

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19
Q

How long does indigestion/heartburn normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if lasted over 2 weeks, or 1 week with treatment

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20
Q

What are the danger symptoms of heartburn/indigestion?

A 
Chest pain accompanied by pain in arm or jaw
Blood in stools
Breathlessness
Symptoms frequent
Difficulty swallowing
Unintentional weight loss
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21
Q

Give 4 treatment options for indigestion and heartburn.

A

Antacid, aluminium hydroxide
Rennies, calcium and magnesium carbonate- safe in pregnancy
Sodium alginate
Omeprazole

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22
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with indigestion or heartburn?

A 
Eat small, regular meals
Avoid eating late at night
avoid trigger foods
Eat sitting down
Chew food properly
Exercise regularly but not immediately before or after a meal
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23
Q

Give 3 potential causes of nausea and vomiting

A

Gastroenteritis
Pregnancy
Alcohol

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24
Q

What are the age parameters for nausea/vomiting?

A

Refer children under 2 and elderly due to dehydration risk

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25
How long does nausea and vomiting normally last? When should you refer?
Refer adults with symptoms over 2 days, may give them rehydration therapy in the meantime
26
Give 3 medicines that may make nausea and vomiting more common.
NSAIDs Chemotherapy Antibiotics Reduce symptoms by taking with food
27
What are the danger symptoms of nausea and vomiting?
``` Constant vomiting Unintentional weight loss Abdominal pain Fever CNS effects Dark coloured urine and other signs of dehydration ```
28
Give 3 treatment options for nausea and vomiting.
Dioralyte ORT Domperidone liquid Prochlorperazine buccal
29
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with nausea and vomiting?
Replace lost fluid with regular sips of water | In pregnancy, drink and eat little and often
30
What are the danger symptoms of motion sickness?
Seek advice if symptoms continue after you stop travelling
31
What is the most common treatment for motion sickness?
Hyoscine patches
32
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with motion sickness?
``` Minimise motion by sitting at the front Look straight ahead Close eyes and breath slowly Fresh air and regular breaks Ginger can help with nausea ```
33
Give 6 potential causes of constipation?
``` Not enough fibre or fluids in the diet Pregnancy Old age Laxative abuse Change in diet or routine ```
34
What are the age parameters for treatment of constipation?
Children may be given a single glycerin suppository Avoid stimulant laxatives in pregnancy Elderly should be given bulk forming laxatives but maintain fluid intake
35
How long can constipation normally last? When should you refer?
If longer than 1 week then refer, with or without treatment
36
What are the danger symptoms of constipation?
Blood in stools Recurring problem Unintentional weight loss Severe pain when passing stools
37
Name 2 stimulant laxatives.
Bisacodyl | Senna
38
Name 2 faecal softeners.
Glycerin | Docusate
39
Name a bulk forming laxative.
Ispaghula husk
40
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with constipation?
Increase fibre and fluid intake Regular exercise Avoid holding back when you have the urge to go to the toilet
41
What are the age parameters for diarrhoea?
Refer infants and babies due to dehydration risk
42
How long does diarrhoea normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if symptoms have lasted one week | If no improvement after 2 days of treatment (1 in infants) refer
43
Give 2 medicines that may make diarrhoea more common.
Antibiotics | Antacids containing magnesium
44
What are the danger symptoms of diarrhoea?
Signs of dehydration Bloody/dark stools Severe abdominal/rectal pain Returning from holiday with a fever
45
Give 3 treatment options for diarrhoea.
Dioralyte ORT Loperamide Bismuth (bacterial diarrhoea)
46
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with diarrhoea?
``` Drink plenty of water Follow good toilet hygiene Avoid foods that aggravate diarrhoea Tackle stress/anxiety Drink bottled water on holiday ```
47
What key symptom is indicative of IBS?
Pain in the lower left quadrant of abdomen
48
What are the age parameters for IBS?
Refer children, the elderly or pregnant women | Usually affects people under 40
49
How long does IBS normally last?
Tends to be episodic | Symptoms may occur in a pattern over months or years
50
What are the danger symptoms of IBS?
``` Over 45s with change in bowel habits Blood in stools or rectum Unexplained weight loss Unresponsive to treatment Family history of IBD or cancer Previous bowel surgery ```
51
What are the two most common treatments for symptomatic relief of IBS?
Fybogel- constipation relief | Immodium- diarrhoea relief
52
Give 3 treatment options for IBS.
Hyoscine Mebeverine Peppermint oil
53
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with IBS?
``` Have regular meals Drink plenty of water Reduce tea/coffee intake Reduce alcohol and fizzy drink intake Avoid aggravating factors ```
54
What is the key to treating threadworms?
The entire family should be treated even without symptoms
55
What are the danger symptoms of threadworms?
Travel abroad Medication failure Perianal skin broken/weeping
56
Give the most common treatment option for threadworms.
Mebendazole
57
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with threadworms?
Treat all family members Reassure that it is very common Cut fingernails short Wash hands and brush nails after using the bathroom Wear pyjamas to reducing itching at night Have bath/shower each morning
58
How long should symptoms of threadworms last before referring?
If no improvement after 7-14 days with treatment, refer.
59
What are the age parameters for haemorrhoids?
Refer children | Incidence increases with age
60
How long do haemorrhoids normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if present longer than 3 weeks | Refer if no improvement with treatment after 1 week
61
Give 5 potential causes of haemorrhoids?
``` Pregnancy Irregular eating patterns Poor toilet habits Obesity Regular straining/heavy lifting in work or sport ```
62
What are the danger symptoms of haemorrhoids?
``` Presence of blood in stool Change in bowel habits Abdominal pain Severe, sharp pain when defecating Persistent/recurrent inflammation ```
63
Give 3 treatment options for haemorrhoids.
``` Anusol Anusol HC (hydrocortisone) Lidocaine ```
64
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with haemorrhoids?
``` Promote soft stools Try not to strain Avoid excessive caffeine intake Avoid opioid analgesics Topical treatments will provide relief but cannot cure ```
65
How long does a cold/flu normally last? When should you refer?
Cold symptoms can last 2-14 days Flu symptoms last around 1 week Refer if symptoms persist for 2-3 weeks Refer if no improvement with treatment after 1-2 weeks
66
What are the danger symptoms of cold and flu?
``` Shortness of breath Difficulty breathing Blood in phlegm Phlegm is green/yellow Chest pain on coughing Rash/stiffness Earache not settling with analgesia ```
67
Give 2 examples of decongestants.
Xylometazoline | Pseudoephedrine
68
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with cold/flu?
``` Get plenty of rest Keep hydrated Inhale steam to loosen and help bring up phlegm Increase vitamin C and zinc Avoid smoking See if you are eligible for flu vaccine ```
69
What is the difference between a chesty cough and a dry/tickly cough?
Chesty coughs tend to be productive, bring up sputum
70
What is the key identifier of chronic bronchitis?
Tends to be worse in the morning
71
How long does a cough normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if over 3 weeks or no improvement with treatment after 2 weeks
72
What medicines or conditions may cause cough?
ACE inhibitors Emphysema Bronchitis Lung disease
73
What is the key identifier of congestive heart failure with a cough?
Worse when lying down, may be swelling in legs
74
What are the danger symptoms of a cough?
``` Green/yellow phlegm Blood in phlegm Shortness of breath Noisy/difficult breathing Chest pain Rash/stiff neck Ear pain Unintentional weight loss- TB ```
75
Give an example of a demulcent formulation for a cough.
Beechams honey and lemon
76
Give examples of expectorants.
Guaifenesin Pseudoephedrine Diphenhydramine Levomenthol
77
Give the main example of a cough suppressant.
Dextromethorphan
78
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with a cough?
``` Keep hydrated Rest Suck on a hard candy Cut down smoking If worsened by dry air, get a humidifier If worse at night take something that will make you drowsy ```
79
How long does a sore throat normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if lasted over 2 weeks or if no improvement with treatment after 1 week
80
What are the danger symptoms of a sore throat?
``` Extreme pain Skin rash Fever Spots on throat or tongue Neck stiffness Difficulty swallowing ```
81
What is the key differential diagnosis of a sore throat?
Glandular fever
82
Give 3 treatment options for a sore throat.
Dichlorobenzyl alcohol (strepsils) Benzalkonium antiseptic Benzocaine spray
83
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with a sore throat?
Drink plenty of fluids Gargle with salty water Avoid smoking Avoid food or drink that is too hot
84
What is the main difference between hay fever and perennial rhinitis?
Hayfever is seasonal from April to September
85
What are the age parameters for allergic rhinitis?
Common in children | Symptoms often become milder as you get older
86
What are the danger symptoms of allergic rhinitis?
``` Wheezing, shortness of breath Chest pain Earache/facial pain Redder eyes, coloured and sticky discharge One sided nasal discharge Failed treatment Pregnancy ```
87
What timescale should you refer allergic rhinitis?
If symptoms do not improve within 5 days of commencing treatment
88
Give an example of a mast cell stabiliser.
Sodium cromoglicate
89
Give 5 treatment options for allergic rhinitis.
``` Loratidine Chlorphenamine Sodium cromoglicate Xylometazoline Beclometasone spray ```
90
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with allergic rhinitis?
``` Avoid triggers Sleep with windows closed Avoid being outside when pollen count is high Wear dark glasses Limit pets to certain areas of the house ```
91
Name 4 types of headache.
Tension Sinus Hangover Medication overuse
92
How might someone describe a tension headache?
Dull ache in forehead, temples or back of the neck | Tight band around head or heavy weight on top of head
93
What often accompanies a hangover headache?
Nausea and vomiting
94
What are the key symptoms of a medication overuse headache?
Oppressive | Worse in the morning or after exercise
95
What are the age parameters for a headache?
Refer children, especially with trauma
96
Give 2 likely causes of headaches.
Alcohol | Straining eyes/using a computer
97
What are the danger symptoms of headaches?
``` Sudden, severe headache Nausea and vomiting Persistent and recurring Fever, stiff neck Blurred vision Trauma Increasing severity or frequency Numbness, tingling of limbs ```
98
What are the benefits of dispersible as opposed to traditional tablets in headache?
Achieve peak effect in 30 minutes rather than 2 hours
99
Why may levomenthol be useful in headache?
Available as cooling strips to apply topically
100
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with a headache?
``` Plenty of rest Regular breaks when concentrating for long periods Try to avoid known triggers Regular eye tests Apply ice pack to painful areas Well hydrated ```
101
What are the key symptoms of a migraine?
``` Headache on one side Blurred Vision Flashing/coloured lights Nausea and vomiting Tingling in hands or arms ```
102
How long can a migraine last?
Lasts 4-60 minutes | Complete recovery in 4-72 hours
103
With what medication should a migraine be referred?
COCP
104
What are the danger symptoms of migraines?
First time | Vision/hearing/sensory loss
105
When can sumatriptan be sold in migraine?
With previous GP diagnosis
106
Give 3 treatment options for migraines.
Sumitriptan Migraleve pink and yellow Midrid capsules
107
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with migraines?
Keep a diary in order to try and identify triggers During attack, lie down, try to sleep, in dark and quiet room Maintain good nutrition
108
Define a sprain.
Injury to ligament supporting a joint
109
Define a strain.
Injury to muscles and tendons that move the bones of a joint.
110
What are the danger symptoms of muscoskeletal injuries?
Unable to bare weight Severe pain or swelling Numbness and severe deformity Popping sound upon injury
111
What are the age parameters for muscoskeletal injury?
Refer children and elderly due to fracture risk
112
How long do sprains/strains normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if over 4 days or treatment does not improve symptoms within 4 days
113
What are the potential causes of backache?
Pregnancy Awkward bending Sitting for long periods
114
How long does backache normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if constant or no improvement after 10-14 days
115
What are the danger symptoms of backache?
``` Fever, nausea and vomiting Weight loss Inflammation/swelling Pain that travels to chest Loss of bowel control Kidney pain Severe pain radiating into legs ```
116
Define tennis elbow.
Swelling around outer edge of the elbow, pain during movement.
117
Define golfer's elbow.
Swelling on the inside of the elbow | Pain during movement and when quickly flexing arm/hand
118
How long does tennis/golfer elbow normally last? When should you refer?
Usually around 2 days, after this refer | If no improvement with treatment after 4 days refer
119
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with muscoskeletal injury?
``` Protect Rest Ice Compression Elevate ``` After first 48 hours, inflammation reduced, may apply heat for pain
120
What is frozen shoulder?
Stiffness and pain | Reduced movement
121
How long does frozen shoulder normally last? When should you refer?
Aching/stiffness can last 2-9 months Adhesive stage- stiffness and muscle wasting many last 4-12 months Recovery stage can take 5-12 months
122
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with frozen shoulder?
Shoulder exercise to maintain movement | Saving the shoulder can increase stiffness and cause muscle wasting
123
How long does rheumatism normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if over 6 weeks If they haven't seen their doctor in 6 months, refer back If no improvement with treatment after 7 days, refer
124
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with rheumatoid arthritis?
Plenty of rest during flare ups Exercise is important to maintain mobility Non-weight bearing exercise such as swimming
125
What are the age parameters for vaginal thrush?
Refer anyone under 16 or over 60 | Common in women of childbearing age
126
How long does vaginal thrush normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if present for over 2 weeks | Refer if more than two attacks in 6 months
127
What are the danger symptoms of vaginal thrush?
``` Diabetes Treatment failure Pregnancy First occurrence Blood stained or strong smelling discharge ```
128
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with vaginal thrush?
Avoid tight fitting clothing Avoid strong soaps and douches Application of live yoghurt can soothe and restore bacterial/fungal cell balance
129
What formulation options are there for vaginal thrush?
External cream Internal cream Pessary Canesten combi
130
What are the age parameters for cystitis?
Refer all children
131
How long does cystitis normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if treatment for 2 days gives no improvement
132
What are the danger symptoms of cystitis?
``` Male Fever, nausea and vomiting Haematuria Pregnancy Recurrent Loin pain/tenderness ```
133
What is the mainstay treatment for cystitis?
Potassium citrate
134
What are the age parameters for dysmenorrhoea?
Primary- 17-25 years | Secondary- over 25 years
135
How long does dysmenorrhoea normally last? When should you refer?
Around 3 days | Refer if no improvement with treatment over 2 cycles
136
What are the danger symptoms of dysmenorrhoea?
Abnormal discharge or bleeding Fever Severe intermenstrual pain
137
Give 3 treatment options for dysmenorrhoea.
Ibuprofen Naproxen Tranexamic acid
138
What are the guidelines for giving tranexamic acid in dysmenorrhoea?
Over 18 Regular cycle Commence treatment when period starts Treat for no more than 4 days
139
What are the age parameters for insomnia?
Refer anyone under 16
140
What are the danger symptoms of insomnia?
Suspected depression
141
What are the treatment options for insomnia?
Diphenhydramine (nytol) | Kalms
142
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with insomnia?
Avoid daytime naps Avoid caffeine, nicotine, alcohol and heavy meals 6 hours before bed Regular exercise can help but avoid 4 hours before bed Try having warm bath or milky drink before bed Try relaxation techniques
143
How long does insomnia normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if over 3 weeks or 1 week if no improvement with treatment
144
What are the differences between irritant and allergic contact dermatitis?
Irritant can become chronic and occurs within 48 hours of contact Allergic can have a delay of hours or days before symptoms seen
145
How long does contact dermatitis normally last? When should you refer?
If over 2 weeks or no improvement after 1 week with treatment refer
146
Give potential causes of contact dermatitis.
``` Nickel in jewellery Soaps Detergents Hair dye Chromates (cement) Plasters ```
147
What are the danger symptoms of contact dermatitis?
Infection Severe condition Cracked or bleeding skin
148
What are the danger symptoms of acne?
Signs of infection Pregnancy Adult suffering for the first time
149
Give potential causes of acne.
``` Stress Make up Contraceptive pill Exfoliation Before period ```
150
How long does acne normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if no improvement with 8 week treatment
151
What is the treatment for acne?
Benzyl peroxide
152
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with acne?
Wash skin gently twice daily Avoid very hot water and strong detergents Wash hair regularly, especially with fringe Resist temptation to squeeze sports Natural sunlight helps Choose water based cosmetics
153
What are the danger symptoms of athlete's foot?
``` Base of nail discoloured, brittle Weeping, yellow crusts Swollen foot Large blisters/ulcers Diabetes ```
154
What should be suggested in treatment failure of athlete's foot?
Consider adherence If tried daktarin, recommend lamisil Give lamisil once if compliance issues Continue treatment for 2 weeks after infection has cleared
155
Give 4 treatment options for athlete's foot.
Miconazole (daktarin) Terbinafine (lamisil) Miconazole and hydrocortisone (daktarin HC) Amorolfine (curanail)
156
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with athlete's foot?
``` Wash and dry feet thoroughly Wear socks made of cotton or wool Avoid shoes made of synthetic material Powder feet and inside of shoes with anti fungal Spend time bare foot when possible ```
157
How long does athlete's foot normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if present for over 2 weeks or no improvement with 7 days of treatment
158
How do cold sores present?
Tingling in skin for 6-24 hours before appearance Weeping/crusting at 4th day after appearance Total episode usually lasts 1-2 weeks
159
What can cause cold sores?
``` Stress Illness Strong sunlight Menstruation Fatigue Cold weather ```
160
What are the danger symptoms of cold sores?
``` Failure to resolve Severe or worsening History of frequent occurrence Painless Eye affected ```
161
Give 2 treatment options for cold sores.
Acyclovir 5% (Zovirax) | Lidocaine 2% gel
162
What are the key differences between warts and verrucae?
Warts- rough, scaly papules that are normally painless Occur on hands, elbows and knees Verrucae- flat, thickened skin with black centre, painful when pressure applied Occur on weight bearing ares, soles of feet
163
What are the danger symptoms of warts/verrucae?
``` Cracked skin Weeping Itching Bleeding Genital or facial ```
164
What is the treatment of verrucae?
Salicylic acid
165
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with a wart or verruca?
Treatment takes up to 3 months, refer if no improvement after 12 weeks Keep feet dry Do not scratch or pick Cover with swimming socks or plaster
166
How long does scabies normally last? When should you refer?
Symptoms appear 2-6 weeks after infestation | Refer if treatment does not show improvement in 7-14 days
167
What are the danger symptoms of scabies?
``` Babies and children Pregnancy Diabetes Asthma Infected or broken skin ```
168
How is scabies treatment applied?
To entire body from the neck down and left for at least 8 hours before washing off.
169
Give 2 treatment options for scabies.
Permethrin | Malathion
170
What are the symptomatic treatment options in scabies?
Chlorphenamine and Eurax cream to stop itching
171
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with scabies?
Very contagious Bed linen, towels should be machine washing on hot wash after treatment Any linen that cannot be washed should be contained in plastic bag for 3 days until mites die Itching may continue for 3 weeks after successful treatment All household members should be treatment on the same day
172
Give 3 potential causes of dandruff.
Not brushing hair regularly Nutritional deficiencies High sugar diet
173
What are the danger symptoms of dandruff?
``` Pregnancy Yellow, greasy looking skin Inflammation Red and crusty skin Knees or elbows- psoriasis ```
174
Give 3 treatment options for dandruff.
Salicylic acid shampoo Selenium sulphide shampoo Ketoconazole 2% shampoo
175
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with dandruff?
Brush hair daily, wash at least 3 times per week Use medicated shampoo every 1-2 weeks to prevent recurrence Avoid chemical dyes Avoid scratching
176
When should symptoms of dandruff improve?
Within 12 weeks of starting treatment
177
What are the features of psoriasis?
Occurs on scalp, knees, elbows and can affect finger nails | Thickened red patches of skin, look scaly
178
How long does psoriasis last?
Usually occurs in cycles of weeks to months | Refer if no visible improvement after 1 week of treatment
179
What are the danger symptoms of psoriasis?
Weeping Crusting Crack skin Infection
180
What are the 2 main treatment options for psoriasis?
Coal tar | Hydrocortisone 1% cream
181
What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with psoriasis?
Keep skin lubricated Use soap free cleansers if possible Exposure to sun can help Bathing in hot water can reduce scaling
182
How long does nappy rash normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if present for over 2 weeks or with treatment if symptoms do not improve in 1 week
183
What are the danger symptoms of nappy rash?
Signs of infection Small, red dots or extension beyond nappy area suggestive of fungal infection Darker, purple spots (meningitis)
184
What are the mainstays for treatment of nappy rash?
Canesten or daktarin followed by barrier cream
185
What lifestyle advice could you give for nappy rash?
Increase frequency of nappy changes Use warm water and cotton to clean bottom Pat nappy area dry Leave nappy off for as long as possible Talc and baby wipes can be irritant Barrier creams can help to protect the skin
186
What are the 3 types of conjunctivitis.
Infective Allergic Irritant
187
Describe the difference in symptoms of infective and allergic conjunctivitis.
Infective- starts in one eye and spreads, sticky discharge, whites of the eyes look pink, eyes feel gritty and irritated Allergic- both eyes develop symptoms at the same time, watery and itchy eyes
188
How long does conjunctivitis normally last? When should you refer?
Usually resolves itself but refer if over one week | Refer if no improvement within 48 hours of treatment
189
What could be the cause of conjunctivitis?
``` Contact lenses Allergy Pollution Smoke Chlorine Bright lights ```
190
What are the danger symptoms of conjunctivitis?
``` Worsening symptoms Vision disturbance Glaucoma Recurrence Pregnancy Abnormal pupil ```
191
What are the 2 treatment options for infective conjunctivitis?
Propamidine | Chloramphenicol
192
What are the 2 treatment options for allergic conjunctivitis?
Sodium cromoglicate | Xylometazoline
193
What are the 2 treatment options for irritant conjunctivitis?
Witch hazel | Naphazoline
194
What lifestyle advice could you give for conjunctivitis?
Do not rub eyes Infective is highly contagious Pus/crustiness may be removed with warm slaty water
195
Describe the presenting features of excess earwax.
``` Difficulty hearing Pain Tinnitus Blocked feeling Temporary deafness after swimming or showers ```
196
Describe the presenting features of otitis media.
``` Pus Fluid Inflammation Severe earache Hearing loss Fever Tinnitus ```
197
Describe the presenting features of otitis externa.
Pain and itching Dulled hearing Ear discharge
198
What are the age parameters for ear problems?
Refer children under 12 with wax problems
199
How long do ear problems normally last? When should you refer?
Refer if no improvement of excess wax in 3 days, persistent otitis external for 7 days Refer if no improvement with treatment after 7 days
200
What are the danger symptoms of ear problems?
``` Severe pain Complete deafness Fever in glue ear Otitis media Otitis externa accompanied by foul smelling discharge or fever ```
201
What is key to point out with treatments for ear problems?
Some products contain peanuts or soya | Drops should be used at room temperature
202
Give 3 treatment options for softening ear wax.
Arachis oil and chlorobutanol Almond oil, archis and camphor oil Urea hydrogen peroxide
203
What may be given for treatment of otitis external?
Acetic acid spray | Isopropyl alcohol
204
What lifestyle advice could you give for ear problems?
Cotton buds can compact ear wax Avoid smoky environments with glue ear Use ear plugs when swimming
205
When does teething generally occur?
Around 6-9 months
206
What are the danger symptoms of teething?
Excessive diarrhoea | Temperature over 38
207
What are the 4 treatment options for teething?
Paracetamol Ibuprofen Bonjela Lidocaine and cetalkonium (abnesol)
208
What lifestyle advice could you give for teething?
Plenty of fluids Teething rings- can also be cooled in fridge to soothe Brush teeth as soon as they appear
209
When does head lice generally occur?
Common aged 4-11, symptoms occur a long time after initial infection Refer if no improvement with treatment after 1-2 weeks
210
What is the best method for treating head lice?
Wet combing method | Every 4 days for at least 2 weeks
211
Give the 3 treatment options for headline.
Phenothrin Malathion Dimeticone
212
What lifestyle advice could you give for head lice?
Avoid direct head to head contact Minimise itching Protect eyes and face when treating Treat all members of the family
213
What are the danger symptoms of hair loss?
Patchy hair loss Hypothyroidism Anaemia
214
What is the main treatment option for hair loss? Who can receive it?
Minoxidil 2% for women | Minoxidil 5% for men
215
Where does eczema most commonly present?
Babies- nappy area, neck, belly, back of scalp, limb creases Children- skin creases, ankles, around the eyes Adults- neck, back of hands, ankles, groin
216
What are the danger symptoms of eczema?
Infection | Pain
217
What lifestyle advice could you give for eczema?
``` Aggravating factors Stress can worsen eczema Avoid itching Use non-biological washing powders Keep skin moist and supple to avoid cracking ```

Pharm + Patient Year 3 Sem 2 (29 decks)

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