Minor 3 Q3 Flashcards
Who invented the Printing Press and when?
Johaness Gutenberg, a German goldsmith in 1436
What was unique about the new printing press?
It could cast letter individually which allowed pages to be assembled faster, there was also an oil based ink which allowed metal to transfer faster, Gutenberg printed at a much faster rate than other printers of his time
What was so revolutionary about the Printing press?
It allowed knowledge to be spread more quickly and made books/knowledge more available to the common people and was a “colossal moment in the history of information and learning”
Who was Martin Luther?
Martin Luther was a monk who thought there were problems within the Catholic church and challenged them, felt that even though he worked very hard to earn salvation he was not at peace
Info about Martin Luther’s spiritual revelation
1515 He was a professor of theology at Wittenberg and overseeing 11 monasteries at the time, Studying St. Paul’s epistle to the Romans realized that salvation should come from faith
What experience sparked Luther to question the church?
In 1517 a monk called Albert von Hohenzollern was trying to sell people indulgences which essentially allowed patrons of the church to pay for their salvation to passer by, later another seller called John Tetzel came to Luther’s front door and told him he could buy indulgences for someone else who had already died and that was his final straw
When did Luther write the 95 theses, how did they spread so fast?
Martin Luther wrote the 95 theses on October 31st 1517 and nailed them to the church door, they were able to spread all throughout Germany because of the Printing press
Why did Pope Leo X not want to mess with Martin Luther?
He was too concerned with who would be the next Holy Roman emperor and Fredrick the Wise was on of the electors and protected Fredrick
What did Luther primarily believe the church needed to change?
He believed the bible was the final authority (Sola Scriptura) that the only way to get salvation was through faith (Sola fide) and through god’s grace (Sola Graitia) and that the clergy were unessecary and could not forgive the sins of worshipers
What did Pope Leo X do to Martin Luther?
1520 Leo excommunicates Luther, Luther burns the letter
What did Charlies V do to Luther?
Summons him to Worms for a trial but Fredrick the Wise convinces him to let Luther have a hearing, Luther was supposed to apologize but he stood up for his beliefs, he was sentenced to death after his hearing but Fredrick the Wise kidnapped him and hid him at the Wartsburg castle where he transatled the new testament into German
Why is Martin Luther still relevant to history today?
Luther is important to history today because he created a new sect of the church which is still alive today. He also was brave enough to question the church and is an example of challenging authority and bravery.
How do Martin Luther’s ideas contrast to those of the church and the divine right of kings?
Martin Luther believed that salvation should come from faith and not the teachings of the church. He thought the bible was the ultimate truth and not what the priests and Pope said. He also did not think God gave the pope and priests the power to grant salvation
Why were the 95 theses revolutionary?
The 95 theses were revolutionary because they challenged the church in a time when that was very dangerous, and there was a real possibility of ending up in hell. They were also able to be very widely spread due to the Printing press which allowed the common people to be exposed to things that challenged the church.
3 ways that Martin Luther challenged the church and the Pope
- Questioned wheter the church prioritized christians getting salvation or money
- Why people who payed for indulgences were allowed to be freed from Hell especially if they weren’t good people
- Nessecity of having clergy or a Pope at all bc salvation comes from God
What is the council of Trent?
Meeting of church leaders that started in Trent Italy in 1545 and was created to fight protestantism
What were some descions that the council made?
Salvation is not predetermined, seven sacraments are still nessecary to be saved, Latin Bible is supreme authority, better education for clergy, clergy need to preach more often, corrected abuses of church money, rules for church services
What Pope ordered this council and what were his goals?
Pope Paul III, wanted a higher standard of morality and to win back Catholics
Who was Teresa of Avila
Teresa was a Spanish nun and mystic who made wiritngs to encourage nuns and priests to return to the teachings of Jesus
Who was St. Ignatius of Loyola?
Ignatius created the society of Jesus or the Jesuits. These were teachers and missionaries who created university’s and spread Christianity through Asia, Africa, and the Ameircas
How did the Catolic church directly fight the spread of Protestanism?
They would declare anyone with contrasting beliefs to the church a heretic and heretics were tried at the inquisition and could be fined imprisoned or killed. Also published a list of books that Catholics couldn’t read
What violence/unrest did the reformation cause?
Wars and persecution (16th 17th)
Targeted members of other sects
Some fled to different countries
multiple massacres
over a million dead in France
What else besides religions caused violence after the reformation?
The power of the Catholic monarchy
What was the last major war of the reformation?
The Thirty year war in Germany, struggle for power that ended up involving most of Europe, ended with Peace treaty in 1648, set up boundaries between Catholic and protestant lands
