Enlightenment vs. Sci Revolution Flashcards
What did John Locke think about the state of nature?
All people have a right to themselves, their land and their life.
Everyone is born equal, “species and rank” does not matter we all have the same “advantage of nature”
What did John Lock think about the social contract?
Nessecary for safety of people and property
Without it individuals can have property and safety but it will be challenged
Social contract does not impose on the freedom of the individual
What does John Locke think about the government?
People expect rules and laws to be made to protect them and their property
If these laws are not made or the people feel the government is not adequate then they have the right to rebel
Responsibility of the government to put power in the hands of someone trustworthy
What does Thomas Hobbes think about the state of nature?
Thomas Hobbes thinks that all people are naturally equal
Doesn’t matter if one person is slightly stronger or taller, we can all kill each other
If 2 men want the same thing they will become enemies (constant state of war)
Humans are naturally greedy and evil
What does Thomas Hobbes thinks about the social contract?
Thomas Hobbes believes that every man has the right to kill each other
Bc of this everyone should seek peace
He believes that in the social contract nessecary for this peace everyone should have as much freedom, peace and right to defend themselves as they would give someone else
If everyone just does what they want, war. If people give up their rights, peace.
Only form contract if everyone agrees on what they are giving up
What does Thomas Hobbes thinks about the government?
Thomas Hobbes believes that the government will be unsuccessful if it is given multiple voices.
One appointed power means mutual concensus
Type of gov with one power is commonwealth
leader of commonwealth should be feared
absolute power can come in many forms such as monarchy, rep democracy, supreme assembly
even if people resent the leader they should still stay in power
in a commonwealth there are no punishments for it’s citizens that didn’t happen bc they citizens disobeyed the commonwealth
What does Rousseau think about the state of nature?
Rousseau thinks that the challenges people face are too big to take on on their own
believes that men’s means of safety are their power and freedom and it would be hard to defend themselves without
doesn’t know how people can form a group without being as free as they were before
believes this can be solved bc if someone violates the social contract the everyone returns to their original state but loses the benefits of the contract
What does Rousseau think about the social contract?
(coined the term social contract)
Rousseau believes that an individual who wants to keep all of his rights isolates himself from the group bc they all want to stay equal
once a group is formed that if they are attacked they will stand up for each other
individuals within a contract should combine their strengths to have the biggest advantage as a whole
What does Rousseau think about the government?
Rousseau believes that all men are born free but our attempts to control ourselves through government restrain us
What were Copernicus’ axioms from the Little Commentary in 1504
Just before his death Copernicus published his heliocentric theory
1. There is no one center of the universe
2. The Earth is not the center of the universe
3. The center of the universe is the sun
4. The distance from the Earth to the sun is imperceptible compared to it’s distance to the stars
5. The rotation of the earth accounts for the daily rotation of the stars
6. The apparent annual cycle movements of the sun is caused by the earth revolving around it
7. The apparent retrograde motion of the planets is caused by the motion of the earth from which one observes
Did Copernicus believe his ideas contradicted the church?
Copernicus was a devout Catholic and wrote in his letter to Pope Paul III that he did not think his ideas contradicted the church and respectfully explained that he believed anyone who understood his work would believe him
What were Ibn al-Haytham’s discoveries?
Ibn al-Haytham valued proof and evidence he believed that if there wasn’t proof or evidence for something you read, you should question it
He studied the characteristics of light and the process of vision he published the book of Vision or book of optics
Significant discoveries in optics, math and astronomy
Basically invented telescope even though Galileo gets credit
What were Galileo’s discoveries
Studied motion on inclines planes (pendulum) and freely falling bodies
Telescope discoveries in 1609-1610
Saw mountains and valleys on moon’s surface
Discovered that Jupiter had four moons meaning that bodies were orbiting something other than the earth
He also realized their were phases of Venus and Sunspots
Published in work in “Three Letters” to Mark Wesler
What happened to Galieo because of his discoveries?
The Church tries Galileo as a heretic and says that he must renounce his beliefs, Galileo makes a formal Abjuration and apologizes as well as renounces all his discoveries because he is a devout catholic
