Minimum Questions 2 Flashcards
What are the fungal cell components? (2)
- Cytoplasmic membrane with ergosterin
- Cell wall built up by chitin, glucan or cellulose
Classification of the fungi by morphology?
- Unicellular / yeast
- Multicellular / mould
- Dimorphic
Characterization of the dimorphic fungus
They grow like moulds at room temperature and grow like yeast at body temperature
List at least 2 asexual spore type (3)
- Blastospore
- Arthrospore
- Spherule
What is the cultivation temperature of the fungi?
25C and 37C to detect the dimorphism
What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate fungi?
Sabouraud culture media
What are the content of Sabouraud culture media? (2 examples)
- Antifungal agents against environmental moulds
- Carbohydrates
- Antibiotics
What kind of diseases can be caused by fungi? (3)
- Allergic reactions
- Intoxications
- Mycosis (tissue damage of fungi)
Classification of mycosis (5)
- Superficial
- Cutaneous
- Subcutaneous
- Systemic
- Opportunistic
What kind of staining can be used in mycology (2 examples)
- Gram
- Methylene blue
- India ink
- PAS
- methanamine silver
What is the mode of action of the antifungal drugs (4)
- Inhibition of the ergosterin synthesis
- Pore formation on membrane (polyenes)
- Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
- Inhibition of cell division
List 3 causative agents of sytemic mycosis
- Coccidoides immitis
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
List 2 candida species
- Candida albicans
2. Candida tropicalis
List 3 causative agents of opportunistic mycosis
- Candida species
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Aspergillus species
Which fungus can cause subcutaneous mycosis?
Sporothrix shenkii
What is the most common causative agent of superficial mycosis?
Malassezia furfur
List 2 causative agents of dermatomycosis
- Trichopyton species
- Microsporum species
What kind of diseases can be caused by dermatophytes? (3 examples)
- Tinea pedis
- T. Manus
- T. Capitis
List 2 trichophyton species
- Trichophyton rubrum
2. Trichophyton verrucosum
What are the source of the infection caused by dermatophytes?
- Anthropophilic - human
- Geophilic - soil
- Zoophilic - animal
What are the development stages of the protozoa? (2)
Trophozoit and cyst
What are the properties of the trophozoit? (4)
- Can move
- Can feed
- Can multiply
- Can die
What are the properties of the cyst? (3)
- is responsible for surviving in an unfavourable environment
- not showing biochemical activity
- is a dormant structure
How can the protozoa be classified?
By the type of movement : amoeba, ciliate, flagellate and sporozoa
List 2 amoebas
- Entamoeba species
2. Acantamoeba species
What is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery?
Entamoeba histolytica
What can entamoeba histolytica cause? (2)
- amoebic dysentery
- liver, lung and brain abscess
What is the causative agent of amoebic keratitis?
Acanthamoeba castellani
What is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis?
Naegleria fowleri
Which protozoa can cause steatorrhea?
Giardia lamblia
What is the treatment of giardiasis?
Metronidazole
Which protozoon can cause prostatitis?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Which protozon can spread by sexual contact?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Which protozoa can spread by the bite of the sandfly?
Leishmania species
What kind of disease can be caused by Leishmania species? (3)
Cutan, mucocutan and visceral leishmaniosis
How can leishmaniosis be diagnosed?
Giemsa staining of biopsied material
Treatment of leishmaniosis? (2)
- Stibogluconate in combination with g-IFN
- Amphotericin B
What are the causative agents of human african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)? (2)
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense
How can the sleeping sickness spread?
By the bite of the tsetse fly
What are the symptoms of sleeping sickness? (5)
- lethargy
- meningoencephalitis
- dementia
- somnolence
- coma
What is the treatment of sleeping sickness? (2)
- Suramin
- Melarsoprol
What is the causative agent of Chagas diseases?
Trypansoma cruzi
How can Chagas disease spread?
By the faeces of the kissing bug during the bite
What is the treatment of Chagas disease? (2)
- Nifurtimox
- Chronic stage is untreatable
What kind of diseases can be caused by Cryptosporidium parvum?
Watery diarrhea which lasts 1-2 weeks
What is the treatment of cryptosporidiosis?
Oral rehydration
What is the final host of toxoplasma gondii?
Cats
In which population can toxoplasma cause seriou diseases? (2)
- Pregnant women
- Immunocompromised population
What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis? (2)
- Spiramycin
- Pyrimethamine combined with sulphonamide
How can malaria spread?
- by the bite of anopheles mosquito
- transplacental
- by transfusion
What are the symptoms of malaria? (5 symptoms)
- Periodic high fever
- Chills
- Anemia
- Hepato and spenomegaly
- Kidney failure
How can malaria be diagnosed? (4)
- Blood : thick droplet
- Blood : thin film with giemsa staining
- IF
- PCR
WHat is the treatment of malaria? (4)
- Chloroquine
- Mefloquine
- Artemisin
- Hypnozoites by primaquine
Prevention of malaria by chemoprophylaxis? (3)
- chloroquine
- mefloquine
- doxycycline
Prevention of malaria by vaccine?
Available vaccine since 2018 against Plasmodium falciparum. The content is a fusion protein