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Microbiology > Minimum Questions 2 > Flashcards

Minimum Questions 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fungal cell components? (2)

A
  • Cytoplasmic membrane with ergosterin

- Cell wall built up by chitin, glucan or cellulose

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2
Q

Classification of the fungi by morphology?

A
  • Unicellular / yeast
  • Multicellular / mould
  • Dimorphic
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3
Q

Characterization of the dimorphic fungus

A

They grow like moulds at room temperature and grow like yeast at body temperature

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4
Q

List at least 2 asexual spore type (3)

A
  • Blastospore
  • Arthrospore
  • Spherule
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5
Q

What is the cultivation temperature of the fungi?

A

25C and 37C to detect the dimorphism

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6
Q

What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate fungi?

A

Sabouraud culture media

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7
Q

What are the content of Sabouraud culture media? (2 examples)

A
  • Antifungal agents against environmental moulds
  • Carbohydrates
  • Antibiotics
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8
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by fungi? (3)

A
  • Allergic reactions
  • Intoxications
  • Mycosis (tissue damage of fungi)
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9
Q

Classification of mycosis (5)

A
  • Superficial
  • Cutaneous
  • Subcutaneous
  • Systemic
  • Opportunistic
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10
Q

What kind of staining can be used in mycology (2 examples)

A
  • Gram
  • Methylene blue
  • India ink
  • PAS
  • methanamine silver
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11
Q

What is the mode of action of the antifungal drugs (4)

A
  • Inhibition of the ergosterin synthesis
  • Pore formation on membrane (polyenes)
  • Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
  • Inhibition of cell division
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12
Q

List 3 causative agents of sytemic mycosis

A
  1. Coccidoides immitis
  2. Histoplasma capsulatum
  3. Blastomyces dermatitidis
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13
Q

List 2 candida species

A
  1. Candida albicans

2. Candida tropicalis

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14
Q

List 3 causative agents of opportunistic mycosis

A
  • Candida species
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Aspergillus species
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15
Q

Which fungus can cause subcutaneous mycosis?

A

Sporothrix shenkii

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16
Q

What is the most common causative agent of superficial mycosis?

A

Malassezia furfur

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17
Q

List 2 causative agents of dermatomycosis

A
  • Trichopyton species

- Microsporum species

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18
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by dermatophytes? (3 examples)

A
  • Tinea pedis
  • T. Manus
  • T. Capitis
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19
Q

List 2 trichophyton species

A
  1. Trichophyton rubrum

2. Trichophyton verrucosum

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20
Q

What are the source of the infection caused by dermatophytes?

A
  1. Anthropophilic - human
  2. Geophilic - soil
  3. Zoophilic - animal
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21
Q

What are the development stages of the protozoa? (2)

A

Trophozoit and cyst

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22
Q

What are the properties of the trophozoit? (4)

A
  • Can move
  • Can feed
  • Can multiply
  • Can die
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23
Q

What are the properties of the cyst? (3)

A
  • is responsible for surviving in an unfavourable environment
  • not showing biochemical activity
  • is a dormant structure
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24
Q

How can the protozoa be classified?

A

By the type of movement : amoeba, ciliate, flagellate and sporozoa

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25
Q

List 2 amoebas

A
  1. Entamoeba species

2. Acantamoeba species

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26
Q

What is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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27
Q

What can entamoeba histolytica cause? (2)

A
  • amoebic dysentery

- liver, lung and brain abscess

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28
Q

What is the causative agent of amoebic keratitis?

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

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29
Q

What is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis?

A

Naegleria fowleri

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30
Q

Which protozoa can cause steatorrhea?

A

Giardia lamblia

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31
Q

What is the treatment of giardiasis?

A

Metronidazole

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32
Q

Which protozoon can cause prostatitis?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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33
Q

Which protozon can spread by sexual contact?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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34
Q

Which protozoa can spread by the bite of the sandfly?

A

Leishmania species

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35
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Leishmania species? (3)

A

Cutan, mucocutan and visceral leishmaniosis

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36
Q

How can leishmaniosis be diagnosed?

A

Giemsa staining of biopsied material

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37
Q

Treatment of leishmaniosis? (2)

A
  • Stibogluconate in combination with g-IFN

- Amphotericin B

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38
Q

What are the causative agents of human african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)? (2)

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

- Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense

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39
Q

How can the sleeping sickness spread?

A

By the bite of the tsetse fly

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40
Q

What are the symptoms of sleeping sickness? (5)

A
  • lethargy
  • meningoencephalitis
  • dementia
  • somnolence
  • coma
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41
Q

What is the treatment of sleeping sickness? (2)

A
  • Suramin

- Melarsoprol

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42
Q

What is the causative agent of Chagas diseases?

A

Trypansoma cruzi

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43
Q

How can Chagas disease spread?

A

By the faeces of the kissing bug during the bite

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44
Q

What is the treatment of Chagas disease? (2)

A
  • Nifurtimox

- Chronic stage is untreatable

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45
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Watery diarrhea which lasts 1-2 weeks

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46
Q

What is the treatment of cryptosporidiosis?

A

Oral rehydration

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47
Q

What is the final host of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Cats

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48
Q

In which population can toxoplasma cause seriou diseases? (2)

A
  • Pregnant women

- Immunocompromised population

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49
Q

What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis? (2)

A
  • Spiramycin

- Pyrimethamine combined with sulphonamide

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50
Q

How can malaria spread?

A
  • by the bite of anopheles mosquito
  • transplacental
  • by transfusion
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51
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria? (5 symptoms)

A
  • Periodic high fever
  • Chills
  • Anemia
  • Hepato and spenomegaly
  • Kidney failure
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52
Q

How can malaria be diagnosed? (4)

A
  • Blood : thick droplet
  • Blood : thin film with giemsa staining
  • IF
  • PCR
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53
Q

WHat is the treatment of malaria? (4)

A
  • Chloroquine
  • Mefloquine
  • Artemisin
  • Hypnozoites by primaquine
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54
Q

Prevention of malaria by chemoprophylaxis? (3)

A
  • chloroquine
  • mefloquine
  • doxycycline
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55
Q

Prevention of malaria by vaccine?

A

Available vaccine since 2018 against Plasmodium falciparum. The content is a fusion protein

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56
Q

How can Balantidium coli spread? (2)

A
  • By fruits and vegetables contaminated by pig manure

- By fecal oral route

57
Q

What are the symptoms of balantidiasis? (2)

A
  • Dysentery with abdominal pain

- Tenesmus

58
Q

Treatment of balantidiasis? (2)

A
  • Metronidazole

- Tetracycline

59
Q

Classification of the helminths by morphology?

A
  • Flatworms : flukes
  • Tapeworms
  • Roundworms
60
Q

What are the most characteristic poperties of the flukes? (3 examples)

A
  • Short
  • Hermaphrodites
  • Leaf shaped
61
Q

What is the most common intermediate host of the flukes?

A

Water snail

62
Q

What is the causative agent of fascioliasis?

A

Fasciola hepatica

63
Q

What is the treatment of fascioliasis? (2)

A

Bithionol or triclabendazole

64
Q

What is the causative agent of the lung fluke disease?

A

Paragonimus westermani

65
Q

What are the symptoms of paragonimiasis? (6)

A
  • Night sweats
  • Fever
  • Bloody sputum
  • Chest pain
  • Pleuritis
  • Bronchopneumonia
66
Q

What is the treatment of paragonimiasis? (2)

A

Praziquantel or bithionol

67
Q

What are the blood flukes? (3)

A
  1. Schistosoma mansoni
  2. Schistosoma japonicum
  3. Schistosoma haematobium
68
Q

Which flukes can live in the bladder venules?

A

Schistosoma haematobium

69
Q

Which flukes can live in the intestinal venules? (2)

A
  • Schistosoma mansoni

- Schistosoma japonicum

70
Q

What is the treatment of schtosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

71
Q

What is the intermediate host of Taenia saginata?

72
Q

What is the intermediate host of taenia solium?

73
Q

What kind of human diseases can be caused by tenia solium? (2 examples)

A
  • Tape worm infection

- Cysticercus cellulosae

74
Q

What is the treatment of taeniasis? (2)

A
  • Niclosamide

- Mebendazole

75
Q

What is the causative agent of fish tapeworm disease?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

76
Q

What is the treatment of diphyllobothriasis?

A

Niclosamide

77
Q

Which vitamin deficiency can be caused by Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

The lack of B12 vitamin

78
Q

How can Hymenolepis nana infection treated?

A

Niclosamide

79
Q

Which helminths can develop hydatid cysts? (2)

A
  • Echinococcus granulosus

- Echinococcus multilocularis

80
Q

How can the hydatid cysts treated? (2)

A

By albendazole or surgical removing

81
Q

Which helminth can cause itchiness in anus?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

82
Q

How can be treated the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?

A

Mebendazole

83
Q

How can we diagnose the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?

A

By sticky tape / scotch tape

84
Q

Which helminth can cause diarrhoea by prolapses of rectum?

A

Trichuris trichiura

85
Q

Which helminth can cause protein deficiency (Kwashiorkor syndrome)?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

86
Q

Which helminths can suck blood? (2)

A
  • Ancylostoma duodenale

- Necator americanus

87
Q

What is the treatment of the infection caused by Ancylostoma and Necator? (2)

A
  • Mebendazole

- Albendazole

88
Q

Which helminth can cause paralytic ileus?

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

89
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Toxocara canis? (2)

A
  • Visceral larva migrans

- Ocular larva migrans syndrome

90
Q

What kind of specimen can be used to diagnose the Toxocara infection?

A

Blood for serology

91
Q

What kind of helminthic infection can spread from carnivore animals to humans?

A

Trichinella spiralis

92
Q

What is the diagnosis of trichinellosis?

A

Sreology from blood

93
Q

What is the treatment of the trichinella infection? (2)

A
  • Mebendazole
  • Albendazole
    (Can act only on intestinal helminths)
94
Q

What is the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

95
Q

How can elephantiasis spread?

A

By mosquito bite

96
Q

What is the treatment of filariasis?

A

Diethylcarbamazin

97
Q

Which helminth can appear in the subconjunctival region?

98
Q

Which helminth can cause river blindness and elephant skin?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

99
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by adenoviruses? (3 examples)

A
  • pharyngitis
  • pneumonia
  • pertussis syndrome
100
Q

How can parvoviruses spread?

A

by respiratory droplets

101
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by parvoviruses? (3 examples)

A
  • erythema infectiosum
  • hydrops fetalis
  • aplastic anaemia
102
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by high-risk group papillomaviruses? (2)

A
  1. cervix cancer

2. tumor in oral cavity

103
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by low-risk group papillomaviruses? (2)

A
  1. condyloma acuminatum

2. warts

104
Q

What can JC and BK viruses cause? (3)

A

JC : progressive multifocal leucopathia (PML)

BK : haemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy

105
Q

What can HHV1 (herpes simplex virus 1) cause? (5)

A
  • Herpes labialis
  • Herpes simplex dermatitis
  • Eczema herpeticum
  • Herpes gladiatorum
  • Herpetic whitlow
106
Q

What can HHV2 (herpes simplex virus 2) cause? (3)

A
  • Herpes genitalis
  • Neonatal herpes
  • Encephalitis
107
Q

How can HHV1 and HHV2 infections be treated?

A

by acyclovir

108
Q

What can VZV (varicella zoster virus) cause? (2)

A
  • Chickenpox

- Shingles

109
Q

How can chickenpox be prevented?

A

By vaccine (live attenuated)

110
Q

What can EBV (epstein-barr virus) cause? (4)

A
  • Mononucleosis infectiosa
  • Burkitt lymphoma
  • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  • Oral hairy leucoplakia
111
Q

What can CMV (cytomegalovirus) cause? (10)

A
  • Hepatitis
  • Pancreatitis
  • Penumonitis
  • Nephritis
  • Myocarditis
  • Encephalitis
  • Chorioretinitis
  • Oesophagitis
  • Colitis
  • Congenital infections
112
Q

What can HHV-6 cause? (5)

A
  • Encephalitis
  • Pneumonitis
  • Chorioretinitis
  • Exanthema subitum
  • Roseola infantum
113
Q

What can HHV-7 cause? (7)

A
  • Encephalitis
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Hepatitis
  • Gastritis
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Diarrhea
  • Pityriasis rosea
114
Q

What can HHV-8 cause? (2)

A
  • kaposi sarcoma

- lymphoma

115
Q

How can hepatitis B virus spread? (3)

A
  • parenteral way
  • sexual contact
  • perinatal
116
Q

How can hepatitis B virus infection be treated? (2)

A
  • by interferon

- by nucleotide analogues

117
Q

How can Molluscum contagiosum virus spread and what can it cause?

A

spreads by direct contact and causes benign tumor of the skin

118
Q

What can poliovirus cause? (3)

A
  • Aseptic meningitis
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Post-polio syndrome
119
Q

What can Coxsackie A and B viruses cause?

A

A : herpangina, hand-foot-mouth disease, acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis

B : pleurodynia / bronholm disease, myocarditis, pancreatitis

120
Q

What can rhinoviruses cause? (3)

A
  • sore throat
  • running nose
  • coughing
121
Q

how can hepatitis A virus spread? (3)

A
  • fecal oral route
  • contaminated food
  • aerosol
122
Q

How can Caliciviruses spread and what can they cause?

A
  • By fecal oral route, contaminated water and aerosol

- Can cause diarrhea and vomiting

123
Q

How can Rotaviruses spread and what can they cause?

A
  • By fecal oral route

- Can cause diarrhea and vomiting

124
Q

How can the Hepatitis E virus spread and what can it cause?

A
  • by contaminated water, by raw pig and boar meat, rarely by blood transfusion, and transplacental
  • can cause acute hepatitis
125
Q

How can the causative agent of yellow fever spread?

A

By mosquito bite from human to human or from monkey to human

126
Q

How can the Hepatitis C virus spread? (3)

A
  • Parenteral way
  • Blood
  • Tattooing
127
Q

Which population is at risk during the rubella virus infection?

A

pregnant women because it can cause in utero infections (congenital rubella syndrome)

128
Q

How can the influenza viruses spread and what can they cause? (3 examples)

A
  • respiratory droplets

- symptoms : high fever, fatigue, muscle pain

129
Q

How can morbillivirus spread and what can they cause?

A
  • by respiratory droplets

- can cause measles with exanthemas and koplic spots

130
Q

What kind of complication may develop during measles?

A
  • pneumonia
  • encephalitis
  • SSPE (subacute sclerotizing panencephalitis)
131
Q

How can mumps virus spread and what are the symptoms?

A
  • by respiratory droplets

- symptoms : inflammation of the salivary glands, pancreatitis, orchitis, deafness

132
Q

What is the causative agent of rabies?

A

lyssa virus

133
Q

How can rabies be prevented?

A

by a vaccine administered post exposure

134
Q

What is the treatment for an HIV infection?

A

A combination of nucleotide analogues and protease inhibitors

135
Q

How can HTLV-1 spread? (4)

A
  • by sexual contact
  • by blood
  • transplacental
  • breast feeding
136
Q

How can the Dengue-fever virus spread?

A

By a mosquito bite

137
Q

List 2 members of the faliviruses

A
  • yellow-fever virus

- dengue-fever virus

138
Q

What does arbovirus mean?

A

athropod-born viruses

139
Q

List 2 diseases caused by prions

A
  • kuru

- fatal familiar insomnia

Microbiology (4 decks)

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