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final exam principles of nurse anesthesia > mini study guide gas laws > Flashcards

mini study guide gas laws Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the equation for Charle’s Law?

A

Volume/ Temperature
V1/T1= V2/T2

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2
Q

as volume increases, temperature ______

A

increases

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3
Q

as volume decreases, temperature ______

A

decreases

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4
Q

give an example of charles law in the anesthesia practice?

A

A LMA ruptures in an autoclave

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5
Q

so according to Charle’s law, there is a ____ relationship between volume and temperature

A

direct

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6
Q

Describe Boyles Law?

A

there is an inverse relationship between pressure and volume
P1V1=P2V2

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7
Q

as pressure increases, the volume ______

A

decreases

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8
Q

as pressure ______, as volume increases

A

decreases

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9
Q

give an example of of boyles law in anesthesia?

A

diaphragm contraction increases tidal volume
squeezing an ambu bag

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10
Q

describe gay-lussac’s law?

A

direct relationship of pressure and temperature

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11
Q

as temperature increases, pressure ____

A

increases

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12
Q

as temperature decreases, pressure _______

A

decreases

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13
Q

give an example of gay lussacs law?

A

oxygen tank explodes in a heated environment, because pressure increases

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14
Q

what is avogadro’s law?

A

equal volumes of gases under the same conditions have equal number of molecules.

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15
Q

so as the number of mols increase, the volume ____

A

increases

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16
Q

remember amount for the avogadros law is measured in?

A

mols

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17
Q

ideal gas law is described?

A

PV=nrT
n and r are constant
n= number of moles
r= universal gas constant

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18
Q

what is the only constant unit of measurement in temperature scales is _________

A

kelvin

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19
Q

what is the actual equation for Boyles Law?

A

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

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20
Q

what is the actual equation for Charles law?

A

V1/T1 = V2/T2

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21
Q

What is the actual equation for Gay-Lussac’s Law?

A

P1/T1 = P2/T2

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22
Q

if you had to reduce the ideal gas law down, what would the formula be?

A

P=T/V

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23
Q

pneumatic bellow function, would be an example of what gas law?

A

Boyles Law

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24
Q

Using the bourdon pressure gauge to calculate how much O2 is left in a cylinder (assumes a given flow rate) is an example of what gas law?

A

boyles Law

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25
Q

what is the number for the r in the ideal gas law?

A

constant 0.0821 liter-atm/k/mole

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26
Q

describe dalton’s law of partial pressures

A

the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture

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27
Q

what is the equation for daltons law of partial pressure?

A

Ptotal= Pgauge + Patmosphere

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28
Q

what law allows you to calculate the partial pressure of an unmeasured gas?

A

Daltons Law

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29
Q

what is the total pressure equal to in Daltons Law?

A

atmospheric pressure

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30
Q

how do you convert partial pressure to volumes percent?

A

partial pressure divided by the total pressure multiplied that product by 100

31
Q

volumes percent is a way to communicate a solutions _______

A

concentration

32
Q

how do you convert a volumes percent to a partial pressure?

A

you would multiple the volume percent by the atmospheric pressure (AKA the total pressure)
so if you had 2% sevo, you would do 0.02x760=15.2 mmHg of sevo for a partial pressure

33
Q

so what would the partial pressure be for nitrous oxide of 2L/min if the total gas flow is 3L/min?if the atmospheric pressure is 650 mmHg?

A

2/3=0.66x650=429 mmHg

34
Q

what is henry’s Law? what must be constant? what type of relationship present?

A

the amount of gas that dissolves in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution. the temperature must be constant.

35
Q

the higher the partial pressure of a gas, what happens to the solubility?

A

increases

36
Q

how does temperature affect solubility? what is the relationship?

A

solubility decreases with increased temperature
inverse relationship

37
Q

each gas has its own _____ coefficient

A

solubility

38
Q

define solubility?

A

how easily the gas can be put into a solution

39
Q

what is the solubility coefficient for oxygen?

A

0.003 mL/dL/mmHg

40
Q

what is the solubility coefficient for carbon dioxide?

A

0.067 mL/dL/mmHg

41
Q

Carbon dioxide is ___ times more soluble than oxygen

A

20 times

42
Q

describe how solubility is affected for the anesthesia provider with a hypothermic patient?

A

anesthetic emergence is prolonged in the hypothermic patient because the solubility of the gas is increased, so less of it leaves the body per unit of time

43
Q

how can you calculate oxygen delivery?

A

by multiplying the PaO2 by the oxygen solubility coefficient (0.003), allowing us to calculate how much oxygen is dissolved in the blood

44
Q

how could you apply henry’s law to a hypoxic patient?

A

increase FIO2 or place patient in the hyperbaric chamber, both of which will increase the partial pressure of oxygen delivered, thereby increasing the solubility of the oxygen.

45
Q

if you hasten the transfer of a volatile anesthetic at the alveolocapillary interface, you can increase the transfer into the brain, this process is called?

A

overpressuring the vaporizer

46
Q

describe grahams law?

A

the rate of gas diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight

47
Q

fick’s law describes?

A

the transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium

48
Q

the rate of transfer of a gas is directly proportional to?

A

partial pressure difference (driving force)
diffusion coefficient (solubility)
membrane surface area

49
Q

rate of transfer of a gas is inversely proportional to?

A

membrane thickness
molecular weight

50
Q

what two laws are incorporated into Ficks Equation?

A

henrys law
grahams law

51
Q

what law would apply with diffusion hypoxia?

A

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

52
Q

what law would apply when a COPD patient with reduced alveolar surface area, has a slow inhalation induction?

A

ficks law

53
Q

what law applies for drug transfer across the placenta?

A

fick’s law

54
Q

Flow is defined as the movement of per unit of time?

A

electricity, fluid or air per unit of time

55
Q

describe Ohm’s Law? describe the relationships.

A

the current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance.

56
Q

voltage is known as the driving pressure, or what hemodynamic term?

A

blood pressure

57
Q

the current is known as? or the hemodynamic term?

A

flow
cardiac output

58
Q

the impedance is known as? hemodynamic term?

A

resistance
SVR

59
Q

what is the equation for ohm’s law?

A 
I= V/R 
I= electric current 
v= voltage difference 
r= resistance

or can be Flow/ pressure gradient/resistance

60
Q

Poiseuilles Law describe it? incorporates what?

A

Ohm’s law that incorporates vessel diameter, viscosity, tube length

61
Q

as the diameter of a tube gets smaller, what happens to the resistance and why?

A

the resistance to flow is increased because a greater proportion of the fluid is in contact with the wall of the tube.

62
Q

what is the equation for flow if it is laminar? then give the simplified equation?

A

πr4(P2 - P1) / viscosity x 8 x length

63
Q

what is the real equation for Poiseuille’s Law?

A

π x R4 x change in pressure/ 8 x viscosity x length of tube

64
Q

what exhibits the greatest impact on flow?

A

radius of the tube

65
Q

viscosity is the result of ?

A

friction from intermolecular forces as a fluid passes through a tube

66
Q

A fluids viscosity is inversely proportonate to its ________.

A

temperature

67
Q

Decreased temperature increases _________ and _________.

A

viscosity and resistance

68
Q

name 4 ways you can increase the speed of RBC delivery using Poiseuilles Law?

A

increase the radius with a large bore IV

increase the pressure gradiant with a pressure bag and/or increase the height on the IV pole

decrease viscosity by diluting the blood with 0.9% NaCl and/or running it through a fluid warmer

Decrease the length by not using longer tubing than you really need.

69
Q

What is related to the thickness of a fluid?

A

viscosity

70
Q

the greater the viscosity, the less easily _____ slide past one another and the more _____ it is to get the fluid moving and keep it moving.

A

molecules

difficult

71
Q

____ is the percentage of RBC in the total blood volume

A

HCT

72
Q

what lab value affects the blood viscosity and therefore the resistance to flow.

A

HCT

73
Q

if you double the radius of the tube, you will increase the flow by?

A

16 times the original flow

74
Q
A

final exam principles of nurse anesthesia (12 decks)

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