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Developmental Biology > Mini Quiz, pt2 Ch4,5 > Flashcards

Mini Quiz, pt2 Ch4,5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the signal and receptor b/w delta & notch?

A

delta = signal
notch = receptor

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2
Q

what are the three steps in differentiation of cells?

A
  1. competence
  2. induction
  3. commitment (specification, determination)
  4. differentiation
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3
Q

what is specification and what are the three types?

A

receiving signal, remained induced in neutral environment (no signals from anyone)

  • autonomous, conditional, syncytial
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4
Q

what is autonomous specification?

A

self directed
- knows what to do when separated from its neighbors
- dependent on cytoplasmic determinants

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5
Q

what is conditional specification?

A

regulative
- dependent on it’s neighbors if it has them and lets them do some of the work
- can still differentiate by itself when separated, but deviates the work when it can
- dependent on morphogens & induction

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6
Q

what is syncytial specification?

A
  • single cell with many nuclei
  • not one cell talking to another
  • dependent on concentration gradients
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7
Q

what is bicoid?

A

gene on anterior end of fruit fly
- head development

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8
Q

what is caudal?

A

gene that works with nanos on the posterior end

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9
Q

what is determination?

A

altered TFs (1 of the 4 maintenance processes)
- starts to actively do the signal
- remains induced even in a conflicting environment (many new signals)

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10
Q

what are morphogens?

A

molecules made in one compartment that create a diffusion gradient between the other morphogens
- in-class demonstration of red & blue dye
- THRESHOLD GRADIENT

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11
Q

what is the difference between a spermatid and sperm?

A

spermatid
- no viable for fertilization
- no tail

sperm
-tail
- went through spermiogenesis

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12
Q

what things are in the sperm head?

A

acrosomal vesicle
cell membrane
nucleus

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13
Q

what things are in the midpiece of sperm?

A

centriole
mitochondria

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14
Q

what things are in the endpiece?

A

tail

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15
Q

function of the acrosomal vesicle

A

bag of enzymes that sperm uses to pierce through the oocyte jelly coat (zona pellucida)

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16
Q

function of the centriole

A

organize the chromosomes and axoneme (microtubules down the tail)

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17
Q

when do sea urchins complete oocyte meiosis?

A

before fertilization

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18
Q

why aren’t sea urchins good to study?

A

they don’t survive when trying to reproduce
- unable to follow generations

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19
Q

why do we study sea urchin early embryo development?

A

finish meiosis

laid so they aren’t in the fallopian tube (external fertilization)

transparent egg and embryo

gametes huge in numbers

easy to see fertilization under lab conditions

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20
Q

what teathers the plasma membrane of a sea urchin oocyte?

A

vitelline envelope

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21
Q

what is the cortical granule of a sea urchin?

A

underneath the plasma MB and contains components that react to the sperm when the sperm hits
- mucopolysaccharides, enzymes (cut tethers, new MB)

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22
Q

what is the cumulus?

A

in mammalian eggs
- contains support / nurse / granulosa / follicle cells
- becomes the corpus lutem (hormones)

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23
Q

what are three problems with external fertilization?

A

diluted in entire ocean (species not close to eachother)

fertilize wrong species

multiple fertilization (many heads contact egg)

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24
Q

what are the three solutions to the three problems with external fertilization?

A

diluted in ocean
- sperm attractant, synchronized

wrong species
- bindin binding vitelline envelope

multiple fertilization
- fast & slow blocks

25
Q

what is the process of sea urchin fertilization?

A
  1. egg releases sperm attractant peptide to cause sperm to bend toward egg (conc. gradient)
  2. sperm contacts jelly layer
  3. actin extends and pushes on acrosome
  4. acrosome bursts & releases digestive enzymes to eat jelly coat
  5. digestion of jelly layer exposes bindin protein (on sperm)
    - acts like a ligand
  6. bindin binds vitelline envelope
    - requires a species-species recognition to bind
  7. fusion of acrosomal MB and egg MB (creates tunnel)
  8. fast block
    - opens ion channels (Na+ IN, Cl- OUT)
  9. slow block
    - cortical granules burst and release enzymes
    * proteases cut vitelline ties
    * polysaccharides
    * peroxidases fix things
    * hyalin builds the fertilization envelope to eject extra sperm
26
Q

what are the early responses of sea urchin fertilization?

A
  • sperm-egg binding
  • fast block
  • Ca2+ increase
  • cortical granule exocytosis (due to Ca2+)
  • slow block
27
Q

what are 1 min late responses?

A

energy & pH
- activation of kinases, NADPH, O2
- sperm entry
- acid efflux (pH increases, more basic)

28
Q

what are 10 min late responses?

A

migration & protein synthesis
- sperm DNA decondenses
- sperm nucleus migration ot egg center
- egg nucleus migrates towards sperm nucleus
- activation of protein synthesis, AA transport

29
Q

what are 20 min late responses?

A
  • initiation of DNA synthesis
  • mitosis
  • first cleavage
30
Q

describe early cleavage

A

zygote -> blastula
- goes straight from anaphase immediately to S phase
- no G0, G1, or G2

31
Q

what drives mitosis in early cleavage? describe the process

A

Cdc2 / cyclin B
- allows the DNA to double

  • made during S phase, degraded after M phase
    -active during M phase, inactive during S phase
  • ON/OFF switch
  • activates MPF (mitosis promoting factor)
  • drives the shift b/w M & S phase
  • does this about 10 times
32
Q

describe late cleavage

A

blastula -> gametogenesis
- full cell cycle ( G1, S, G2, M)
- cells start to change and differentiate

33
Q

what is the MBT? (mid-blastula transition)

A

when the cell goes from early cleavage to late cleavage & gene expression

34
Q

what is holoblastic cleavage?

A

COMPLETE
entire cell divides, including the yolk

35
Q

what are the three types of holoblastic cleavage?

A

radial
rotational
displaced radial

36
Q

what is radial cleavage?

A

first two divisions
- rotate 90* around center

37
Q

what is rotational cleavage?

A

mammals
- cut from the side at an angle
- uneven cuts

38
Q

what is displaced radial cleavage?

A

yolk parts divide slower
- still divide, just slower

39
Q

what is meroblastic cleavage?

A

INCOMPLETE
only embryo/cells divides, not the yolk

40
Q

what are the two types of meroblastic cleavage?

A

discoidal
centrolectithal

41
Q

what is discoidal cleavage?

A

fish, reptiles, birds
- big yolk and cells divide while laying ontop

42
Q

what is centrolectithal cleavage?

A

insects
- multiple nuclei in one cell (syncitium specification)
- no cytokinesis

43
Q

what are the five types of movements in gastrulation?

A
  • invagination
  • involution
  • ingression
  • delamination
  • epiboly
44
Q

what is invagination?

A

cells push toward middle and create a pore

45
Q

what is involution?

A

cells move inward and create a new lining of cells
- cells move along the layer that produced them

46
Q

what is ingression?

A

cells leave the sheet like state and individual cells migrate inward by themselves

47
Q

what is delamination?

A

makes the epithelial thicker
- remain same cell type and property

48
Q

what is epiboly?

A

cause outer cells to stretch further to cover the entire embryo
- ex: rolling a ball of dough to make pizza crust

49
Q

what are the three axis?

A

anteroposterior (A/P axis)
dorsoventral (D/V axis)
proximodistal (P/D axis)

50
Q

what are micromeres and why are they important in development?

A

causes cells to differentiate and form axis
- form the mesoderm
- found on the vegital pole

51
Q

what is the order of movement in sea urchin gastrulation?

A
  1. ingression
  2. invagination
  3. archenteron
52
Q

what is archenteron movement?

A

invagination cells get pushed into the middle to fill the blastocoel
- turn into the primitive gut

53
Q

what happened when they only let the animal pole develop?

A

only made the ectoderm
- no induction or migration
- only does autonomous specification

54
Q

what happened when they only let the animal pole and micromeres develop?

A

the micromeres induced the animal pole to form a mesoderm

55
Q

what happened when they added micromeres to the animal pole in addition to the micromeres on the vegital pole?

A

they did invagination on both poles, created two pores

56
Q

how do micromeres relate to the Wnt signaling pathway?

A

they contain disheveled which protects beta-catenin from proteases
- there for allows for target genes to be activated
- thus creates the mesoderm

57
Q

what are regulatory circuits?

A

turning one gene on might affect everything else it turns on

58
Q

describes the double negative gate regulatory circuit

A

beta-catenin inactivates gene B
-gene B when active, inhibits delta
- therefore when beta-catenin inactivates gene B, it indirectly activates delta

Developmental Biology (17 decks)

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