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Developmental Biology > Mini Exam 4 > Flashcards

Mini Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of cleavage do c. elegans do?

A

rotational holoblastic

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2
Q

what side of the egg do the sperm enter in c. elegans?

A

posterior side

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3
Q

what happens to the egg once the sperm enters on the posterior side?

A
  • Sperm organizes microtubules (asters) on posterior side
  • actin filaments cause cytoplasmic flow
  • fluid moves toward anterior side
  • captures Par-2 into the cortical cytoplasm
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4
Q

what is autonomous specification?

A

the P1 lineages are random
- cytoplasmic factors determine their fate, not their neighbors (Par-2, Mex-5, PIE-1, etc.)

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5
Q

what is the difference between P1 and AB cells in c. elegans?

A

P1 = germ line cells
AB = cells that do mitosis

  • the two cells after the first cleavage
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6
Q

what is Par-2? where is it located?

A

posterior cell (P1) = germ line cell
- partitioned to the cortical cytoplasm
- helps create two separate cells

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7
Q

where is Mex-5 located?

A

anterior cell (AB) = mitotic cells

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8
Q

where is PIE-1 located? what does it do?

A

posterior cell (P1) = germ line cell
- inhibit RNA poly to allow for the germ line cells to not turn into somatic cells

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9
Q

what is activating and inhibiting in the AB cell? (anterior, somatic cells)

A

Mex-5 inhibits PIE-1

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10
Q

what is activating and inhibiting in the P1 cell?

A

Par-2 inhibits Mex-5
- allows PIE-1 to be activated and inhibit RNA poly

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11
Q

what do P-granules do?

A

Glow fluorescent & Indicate which cells are going to be the germ line cells
- keep the cell as a primordial germ cell
- Blocks gene transcription, translation, and gene expression
- Keep things inert

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12
Q

what blocks P-granule formation?

A

Mex-5

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13
Q

why are c. elegans used as a model for development?

A

small number of chromosomes
- Easy to identify genes needed for development

Follows a set lineage pattern (fixed)
- Can follow cell and know what it’s going to become
- Very few cell types and cells overall
- Set number of cells

1mm long
- can study millions of them at a time

Transparent cuticle
- able to watch easily
- (cleavage, forming organs, etc.)

easy to keep alive

only takes 16 hours to develop
- able to watch internal fertilization

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14
Q

how many cells are in a newly hatched c. elegans larve?

A

558

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15
Q

how many somatic cells are in a c. elegans adult?

A

959

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16
Q

how many genes are in c. elegans?

A

20,000
- same as humans

17
Q

how can c. elegans and humans have the same number of genes?

A
  • No space between genes
  • Not alternatively spliced (no differential splicing)
  • RNA gene expression!!!
  • One protein -> one function
  • No isoforms
  • Has lots of duplicate genes
18
Q

what is the organ called that stores the sperm in c. elegans?

A

Spermatheca

19
Q

why are drosophila used as model organisms for development?

A
  • one week life cycle
  • easy to breed (hardy, tolerant, techniques known)
  • produce 30 eggs a day
  • able to follow for generations (can see phenotypes)
  • mutant bank started by thomas hunt morgan
20
Q

why aren’t drosophila good model organisms?

A

Complex development
- more cells
- start off in a syncitium (lots of nuclei in one cell)
- Too small to see cells
- Skin is opaque (can’t see inside)
- No cleavage studies

Cell lineage is not fixed
Cell number is not fixed
Life cycle is complex
Complex metamorphosis

21
Q

describe the process of forward genetics

A
  1. random mutagenesis (Break DNA blindly)
  2. observe defects and find broken genes
  3. clone mutant genes
  4. name the gene for what the mutant looks like (ex: wingless)
  5. characterize gene sequence
  6. characterize expression patterns
  7. characterize functions
22
Q

when does a drosophila egg activated?

A

once it is ovulated
- the sperm enters an egg that is already activated

23
Q

what side of the drosophila egg does the sperm enter?

A

anterior side

24
Q

what is the structure called that the sperm enters? how does this prevent multiple fertilization (no fast or slow block)?

A

micropyle
- tunnel in the chorion (outer shell)
- sperm tail is much longer than other species (very thick)
- once a sperm enters it, the tail clogs the tunnel so not other sperm can get it

25
Q

describe cleavage in drosophila

A

Superficial Cleavage (syncicium)
- Several nuclei in the cell
- Only takes 8 minutes (no cytokinesis!)
- After 10 divisions, the nuclei migrate away from middle towards the outside
-cleavage only on the outside between the nuclei once they have migrated
- Middle is all yolk

26
Q

what happens after the mid-blastula transition in drosophila?

A

divisions take much longer

27
Q

what side are the pole cells on of the egg?

A

posterior side
- eventually migrate inward toward the middle

28
Q

what is the cephalic furrow?

A

formed during drosophila gastrulation
- between head and abdomen

29
Q

what is the ventral furrow?

A

formed during drosophila gastrulation
- where cells start to fold in on themselves

30
Q

what are the three segments in drosophila during Segmentation?

A

Head Segment -> Ma, Mx, Lb
Thorax Segment -> T1-3
Abdomen Segment -> A1-8

31
Q

what are imaginal discs?

A

Cells held in reserve (not in larvae), that produce things needed for the adult form (wings, eyes, etc.)
- Don’t move between segments though!

32
Q

what are Maternal effect genes?

A

Mom’s gonad cells (diploid, mitotic) determine what the baby will look like
- No genes inside the egg, or sperm decide what the baby looks like
- Only what is going on in the mom’s germanium is what matters for the genetic makeup of the baby

33
Q

how do ring canals form an axis?

A

Ring canal send materials from the nurse cells (mitosis) to the oocyte cell (meiosis)
- Only send materials from anterior side of the cell
- Oocyte is near the posterior follicle cells

34
Q

what does the torpedo gene do?

A

Specify dorsal fates (back)
- receptor only on the dorsal side of egg

35
Q

what is gurken?

A

made by the nucleus to bind to torpedo (receptor)
- when bound, creates the dorsal side

36
Q

what does the dorsal gene do?

A

Specifies ventral fates (stomach)
- without it, creates two backs

37
Q

what does the bicoid protein do?

A

Specifies Anterior Fates
- placing bicoid in a place where it is not found, creates another head
- turns on other proteins like hunchback

38
Q

what does the nanos protein do?

A

Specifies Posterior Fates
- turns on other proteins like giant, knirps

39
Q

what are the 5 regions of a fly? what creates them?

A

bicoid and nanos
- Acron Region -> cap of the head, antennas
- Head Region
- Thorax Region -> wings, legs afer metamorphosis
- Abdomen Region
- Telson Region -> rear

Developmental Biology (17 decks)

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