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Developmental Biology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the seven stages of embryogenesis?

A
  1. gametogenesis
  2. fertilization
  3. cleavage
  4. gastrulation
  5. organogenesis
  6. larval stage
  7. maturity
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2
Q

what occurs during gametogenesis?

A

sperm and oocyte come together

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3
Q

what occurs during fertilization?

A

zygote forms

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4
Q

what occurs during cleavage?

A

rapid mitotic cell division

-the cytoplasm is divided into smaller cells called blastomeres that form a morula (big ball of cells)

-the cells start to turn into a blastula with a hollow center

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5
Q

what occurs during gastrulation?

A

formation of the primordial germ cell layers

-the fluid-fill cavity (blastocoel) allows for morphogenesis

-a pore (blastopore) starts to form on the opposite side of sperm entry allowing for the cells to migrate and form layers creating a dorsal lip

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6
Q

what type of movement occurs during gastrulation to form the blastopore?

A

invagination

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7
Q

what are the three germ layers and what to they become?

A

endoderm: gut
mesoderm: NS, skin
ectoderm: muscle, cartilage, bone

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8
Q

what occurs during organogenesis?

A

cells form tissues and organs (NS FIRST)

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9
Q

what is a neurual?

A

ectoderm forms a tube (neural tube)

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10
Q

what are somites?

A

paired blocks of mesoderm, repeats
(ribs, spinal cord)

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11
Q

what is the notocord?

A

sends signals to cells for what to become and where
-organizing factor

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12
Q

what occurs during the larval stage?

A

hatching, birth
-longest stage

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13
Q

what occurs during the maturity stage?

A

the organism becomes sexually mature

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14
Q

what are the eight famous developmental biology researchers in order?

A
  1. Aristotle (350 BC)
  2. Harvey (1651 AD)
  3. Malpaghi (1672 AD)
  4. Wolff (1767)
  5. Pander (1817)
  6. von Baer (1828)
  7. Darwin (1842)
  8. Weismann (1875)
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15
Q

what is Aristotle known for?

A

believed that menstrual fluid and sperm made a baby (sperm carved the fluid)

-oviparous, viviparous, ovoviviparous
-placenta, umbilical cord

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16
Q

what is the difference between oviparous, viviparous, and ovoviviparous?

A

oviparous: egg
viviparous: alive birth
ovoviviparous: egg hatches inside

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17
Q

what does holoblastic and meroblastic mean?

A

holoblastic: everything divides
meroblastic: only embryo divides, not yolk

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18
Q

what is William Harvey known for?

A

ex ovo omnia
- everything comes from egg, even viviparous

-studied chick blastoderm (appeared as red dot)

-amniotic fluid & jelly coat

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19
Q

what Marcello Malpaghi known for?

A

believed in preformation (homounculus, unrolled)
-everything already in sperm, just very tiny, then it unrolls in the egg

-used a microscope to look at early stages of embryos
-able to see primordial groove, somites, circulatory system

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20
Q

what is Kaspar Friedrich Wolff known for?

A

discovered epigenesis (de novo)
-saw flat tissue bend to form sheets, materials divide to form something different
-something forms from nothing!

-vis essentialis (essential force)
-there is a force in the universe that pushes things in the world to become more complex

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21
Q

what is Christian Pander known for?

A

discovered the triploblastic “three-layers”

took advantage of the growing universities

INDUCTION = each layer tells the other layers what to do

22
Q

what is Karl Erst von Baer known for?

A

discovered THE EGG

-made four principles

23
Q

what are the von Baer principles?

A
  1. the general features of large group animals appear before specialized features of small group animals (head -> feathers, scales, skin)
  2. less general features come from more general features (limbs -> wings, fin)
  3. embryo of a species departs instead of passing through lower animals (gill arch example)
  4. early embryos of higher animals only resemble lower animal embryos, never the adult form
24
Q

what is Charles Darwin known for?

A

embryonic resemblances = species connectedness
-things that looked alike as embryos shows community of decent

embryonic resemblances are inappropriate to adult forms (python has legs as embryo)

late- & post- embryonic adaptations are caused by adult form , not embryonic lifestyle

25
Q

what is Weismann known for?

A

studied viceroy & monarch butterflies
-identical adult, different embryo

26
Q

what is homology?

A

similar structures arise from a common ancestor
-wing vs arm
-gill arch

27
Q

what is analogy?

A

similar structures arise from similar function, not ancestor
-bird wing vs butterfly wing

28
Q

what is fate mapping?

A

trace cell lineage & follow a single cell to watch and see what it becomes
-very difficult

29
Q

what is grafting?

A

took chick (host) and quail (donor) cells because they have same antibodies

-able to follow the darker quail nucleus in the chick to see what it becomes

30
Q

what is audioradiography?

A

made donor cell radioactive and were able to track the cell through development in the host
-same species!

31
Q

what is vital & fluorescent tracing?

A

dyed a clump of cells and followed them

32
Q

what is morphogenesis?

A

how we generate shapes

-cellular connects, cell divisions, cell shape, cell movement, cell growth, cell death, cell secretions (sticky, push away, signals)

33
Q

what is the difference between mesenchymal cells and epithelial cells?

A

mesenchymal: loosely packed, not attached to each other

epithelial: intercalated (sheets), start as layers

34
Q

what are the 6 ways mesenchymal cells do morphogenesis?

A

Condensation (becomes epithelial)

Cell Division

Cell Death

Migration (move at certain times)

Matrix Secretion & Degradation (removal of layers)

Growth (hypertrophy)

35
Q

what are the 7 ways epithelial cells do morphogenesis?

A

Dispersal (becomes mesenchymal)

Ingression (cells move from outward to inward)

Change Shape or Growth (remain attached but change)

Migration (form fewer rows)

Cell Division (w/in column or row)

Matrix Secretion & Degradation (removal of layers)

Migration (formation of free edges)

36
Q

what is invagination?

A

infolding of sheet

37
Q

what is involution?

A

inward movement to inner side of exterior cells

38
Q

what is ingression?

A

surface cells move inward

39
Q

what is delamination?

A

splitting of sheets to form more layers

40
Q

what is epiboly?

A

movement of sheets as a unit to enclose deep layers

41
Q

what is a defect? what are the two main types?

A

something that lacks as a result of incompleteness, inadequacy, or imperfection

-malformation, disruption

42
Q

what is a malformation?

A

GENETIC
-instructions wrong in genes
-mutation, aneuplodies, translocation (break point)

43
Q

what is Piebaldism?

A

neural crest cells lacking KIT protein
-leads to white marks on forehead & stomach
-has other symptoms associated

44
Q

what is a disruption?

A

ENVIRONMENTAL
-caused by teratogens

45
Q

how is thalidomide an example of a disruption?

A

drug given to pregnant women in the 50s, led to prevented limb growth in the child

46
Q

what is a syndrome?

A

collection of symptoms that occur together due to one break in the DNA

47
Q

what does congenital mean?

A

disease or abnormality present at birth

48
Q

what is allometry?

A

growth of different body parts at different rates (baby head)

49
Q

what did Alan Turing do?

A

cracked the german “enigma” code and helped win WW2

created the Reaction-Diffusion Model

50
Q

what is the reaction-diffusion model?

A

Substance P: producer, slow, local travel

Substance S: stopper, fast, distant travel

-creates a gradient where cells in the middle get more P and cells on the outside get more S

Developmental Biology (17 decks)

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