Mini Cast Study 1 Flashcards
Average sodium serum range:
135-145 mEq/L
Average potassium serum range:
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Average chloride serum range:
96-106 mEq/L
Average calcium serum range:
8.4-10.6 mEq/L
Average magnesium serum range:
1.8-3.0 mg/dL
What is the starling hypothesis equation?
Net=[Filtration]-[Reabsorption]
What are the filtration forces?
Capillary hydrostatic (capillary pushing out) and interstitial oncotic (ISF pulling out)
what are the reabsorption forces?
Capillary oncotic (capillary pulling in) and Interstitial hydrostatic pressure (ISF pushing in)
What are the types of cell injury?
reversible, irreversible, adaptation, active injury, necrosis, apoptosis, accumulations, calcification.
what is examples of reversible cell injury?
loss of ATP, swelling
what is examples of irreversible cell injury?
structural, mitochondrial damage, Ca2+ entering
what is examples of adaptational cell injury?
atrophy, hypertrophy, etc
what is examples of active cell injury?
immediate response of the “entire” cell
what is examples of necrosis cell injury?
is common, swelling, organelle injury
what is examples of apoptosis cell injury?
programmed cell death
what is examples of accumulation cell injury?
water, pigment, lipids, all collecting
what is examples of calcification cell injury?
pathologic, dystrophic, metastatic types
What is ischemia?
lack of blood supply
what are free radicals?
unstable and uncharged molecules that steal electrons from stable molecules, causing damage
what does free radical damage cause?
oxidative stress. This damages cells and their structures over time.
what are some free radicals?
superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxy radicals, nitric oxide
What are the standard ABG values? (pH, PCO2, HCO3-)
pH= 7.35-7.45 PCO2= 35-45 mmHg HCO3- = 22-26 mEq/L
